Tuesday, June 12, 2007

Low Labour Costs Significant in Making Eastern Europe the Global Hub for Electronics Manufacturing Services

With the electronics manufacturing sector in eastern Europe witnessing tremendous growth in the past decade, the region is emerging as a new global hub for the electronics manufacturing industry. Regional factors such as reduced labour costs, increase of foreign direct investments (FDIs) and the growth in the production networks in the region, are influencing the growth in this industry and changing the overall dynamics of the market.

New analysis from Frost & Sullivan (http://www.electronics.frost.com) Growth of Eastern Europe as an Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Hub, finds that that the electronics manufacturing services market in eastern Europe earned revenues of $9.0 billion in 2006 and estimates this to reach $23.7 billion in 2013.

If you are interested in a virtual brochure, which provides manufacturers, end users and other industry participants with a growth overview of the Eastern Europe as an Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Hub, send an e-mail to Joanna Lewandowska, Corporate Communications, at joanna.lewandowska@frost.com with your full name, company name, title, telephone number, e-mail address, city, state and country. We will send you the information by e-mail upon receipt of the above information.

A structural transformation of the market is underway with manufacturing companies expanding to new locations and adopting a more global presence, resulting in the separation of product design and development from the manufacturing process itself.

"The need to maintain profit margins in the face of declining pricing trends and high competition has made low-cost manufacturing a necessity," notes Frost & Sullivan Research Analyst Santosh Kumar P. "This is encouraging the continuing migration of manufacturing processes in the electronics industry to low-cost Asian countries and, lately, to eastern Europe."

The development of the outsourcing model by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and electronics manufacturing service (EMS) providers is essentially driving the growth of the EMS market in eastern Europe.

In fact, the recession of 2001 has led to the establishment of many manufacturing units in this region and countries like Hungary and the Czech Republic have significantly exploited these opportunities to strengthen their economies.

The eastward expansion of the European Union (EU) also offers significant potential for future growth and investment opportunities, considering the proximity of these manufacturing locations to the various end-user markets.

Despite the encouraging growth context that is prevailing in eastern Europe, countries in the region are being challenged to transform an under-developed supplier base into a fully developed one that is adequate for supporting manufacturing facilities.

"Domestic companies to be cost-competitive and capable of producing similar quality products as that of global suppliers in the volumes required by OEM and EMS companies to improve the indigenous supply base," explains Kumar. "In addition, factors such as government policies and proximity to western Europe need to be adequately addressed to facilitate the development of eastern Europe into a key global location for electronics manufacturing."

Growth of Eastern Europe as an Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Hub is part of the Surface Mount Technologies Growth Partnership Service Programme, which also includes research in the following markets: European SMT inspection equipment, European SMT soldering equipment, and European EMS. All research services included in subscriptions provide detailed market opportunities and industry trends that have been evaluated following extensive interviews with market participants. Interviews with the press are available.

Frost & Sullivan, a global growth consulting company, has been partnering with clients to support the development of innovative strategies for more than 40 years. The company's industry expertise integrates growth consulting, growth partnership services and corporate management training to identify and develop opportunities. Frost & Sullivan serves an extensive clientele that includes Global 1000 companies, emerging companies and the investment community by providing comprehensive industry coverage that reflects a unique global perspective and combines ongoing analysis of markets, technologies, econometrics and demographics. For more information, visit http://www.frost.com.

Growth of Eastern Europe as an Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Hub

http://sev.prnewswire.com/computer-electronics/20070611/3429146en-1.html

Contracts Electronics Manufacturing: A Viable Revenue-Driving Solution for OEMs to Focus on Product Development

Witnessing dramatic changes since the 1980s, the electronics industry is poised for steady and sustainable growth globally due to booming economies and ever-increasing consumer demands. However, due to the decline in consumer product life cycles, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are using contract manufacturers to enable them to focus on product development and reduce labour and material costs.

New analysis from Frost & Sullivan (http://www.electronics.frost.com) European Contract Electronics Manufacturing (CEM) Industry Value Chain Analysis, finds that the European contract electronics manufacturing market earned revenues of $37.7 billion in 2006 and estimates this to reach $67.2 billion in 2013.

If you are interested in a virtual brochure, which provides manufacturers, end users and other industry participants with an overview of the European CEM Industry Value Chain Analysis, send an e-mail to Joanna Lewandowska, Corporate Communications, at joanna.lewandowska@frost.com with your full name, company name, title, telephone number, e-mail address, city, state and country. We will send you the information by e-mail upon receipt of the above information.

"In a complex manufacturing environment with challenging product life cycles, collaboration across the industrial value chain is a key element in creating successful business propositions," notes Frost & Sullivan Research Analyst Rengarajan Srinivasan.

Hence, many vertically integrated companies, formerly responsible for both product development and manufacturing, are restructuring their operations to concentrate on their core competencies, reduce costs and build networks of dedicated suppliers able to offer additional benefit to customers.

With an increasing number of OEMs focussing on product innovation and marketing while opting to outsource operations from other parts of the value chain, contract manufacturers are expanding their presence in the OEM supply chain.

The outsourcing trend among OEMs is evolving as manufacturers focus on forging collaborative networks with contract manufacturers to increase profit margins and retain their dominant position in the market.

"Moreover, the increase in globalisation has widened the scope for contract electronics manufacturing (CEM) organisations and CEM vendors are spreading their operations globally to gain better cost advantage," notes Srinivasan.

However, the CEM service provider market is extremely heterogeneous, characterised by fluctuating customer demand, focus on faster response times and delivery of products at the lowest cost.

Consequently, contract manufacturers are seeking a completely visible supply chain to enable better production planning and demand forecasting. This can offer high flexibility and fast response to fluctuating demands.

Contract manufacturers are also extending their reach across the electronics supply chain from component sourcing to end-user delivery. The efficient use of warehouse management systems (WMS) and transport management systems (TMS) enable contract manufacturers to reduce the time in which products remain in the supply chain.

The ability of contract manufacturers to offer flexibility and quick response to market change offers significant business advantages. Flexible on-demand supply chains provide enhanced customer service, while value chain modularity offers less investment risk for OEMs. The electronics value chain of the future is expected to be a highly collaborative network, designed for maximum flexibility and on-demand manufacturing efficiency.

European Contract Electronics Manufacturing (CEM) Industry Value Chain Analysis is part of the Surface Mount Technologies Growth Partnership Service Programme, which also includes research in the following markets: surface mount technology inspection equipment and European surface mount technology soldering equipment. All research services included in subscriptions provide detailed market opportunities and industry trends that have been evaluated following extensive interviews with market participants. Interviews with the press are available.

Frost & Sullivan, a global growth consulting company, has been partnering with clients to support the development of innovative strategies for more than 40 years. The company's industry expertise integrates growth consulting, growth partnership services and corporate management training to identify and develop opportunities. Frost & Sullivan serves an extensive clientele that includes Global 1000 companies, emerging companies and the investment community by providing comprehensive industry coverage that reflects a unique global perspective and combines ongoing analysis of markets, technologies, econometrics and demographics. For more information, visit http://www.frost.com.

European Contract Electronics Manufacturing (CEM) Industry Value Chain Analysis

http://sev.prnewswire.com/consumer-electronics/20070611/3429149en-1.html

Home Media Storage Solutions

Are your electronics, CDs and DVDs taking over your home? Streamline your home media center and organize your entertainment with these nifty storage solutions.

First, decide if you want to keep your media under wraps or on display. There's no right or wrong here, simply personal preference. Some people like to have their TVs and stereos out in the open but keep CDs and DVDs tucked out of sight. If that's the case, look for an attractive TV stand with drawers for media storage. TV stands come in all styles from vintage to modern.

Bell'O B-722T TV stand
Bell'O B-722T TV stand



If you prefer to have everything out of sight until you're ready to use it, consider an armoire or entertainment center with doors. Armoires are especially nice for concealing the TV and any associated media clutter in your bedroom, helping to create a more relaxing environment. They're available in a variety of woods, from oak to mahogany, with your choice of a natural or painted finish. Look for one that has precut holes in the back for wiring, which will make plugging in your TV, DVD player and other electronics much easier.

Do you prefer to keep your CDs on display? They can, after all, be decorative objects, and if you have a large music collection, it helps to be able to see it all in one place. Consider a slimline bookcase, or go for something sleek and modern, like a steel wire rack. Looking for something a little more funky? Make your music collection into a truly artistic statement -- decorate with CD wallpaper!

No matter which media storage solution you choose, you'll enjoy your home entertainment that much more when your home is organized and clutter-free.

http://products.howstuffworks.com/home-media-storage-solutions-article.htm

Graduation Gift Guide: Electronics For Grads

Graduation gifts should be cool, and nothing says "cool" like electronics. Need help sending that hard-working graduate out into the world in style? If "commencement" means "commence shopping" for you, don't worry. Consumer Guide has done some of the homework for you. This cheat sheet gift guide will give you some great ideas for a pretty cool electronic gift that says "congratulations, graduate."

Canon HV10 HD MiniDV Camcorder

If the grad on your list is into high def, then the Canon HV10 HD MiniDV Camcorder would be a perfect gift. The HV10 is one of the most compact 1,080i HD camcorders you can find, and the images that this little wonder captures are truly amazing. This model costs less than $1,500. The compact size can hinder operation, but most grads should be able to handle the shooting with this wonder. Weighing less than a pound, the HV10 would be a fine unit to take on a trip or on to college.

Canon HV10 HD MiniDV Camcorder
Canon HV10 HD MiniDV Camcorder

Philips DVP5960 DVD Player

For a bargain-priced DVD player, the Philips DVP5960 delivers the goods. This unit has an HDMI output for up-converting standard DVD to 576p, 720p or 1,080i playback--meaning that the picture quality will astound when displayed on a true high-def screen. This player also lets you listen to music files and stream JPEGs to your television screen. The street price of this unit is less than $90.

Nikon Coolpix P3 digital camera

For those taking a trip, a good digital camera is a must. Nikon's Coolpix P3 delivers outstanding image quality, and it has "Vibration Reduction" technology that can help with the blurred images. And for traveling, it is very portable. It is about 1.2 inches thick, so while not a true ultra-thin, you can fit it in many shirt pockets or in small travel bag compartments. The 3.5X optical zoom lens is slightly better than average. This model is available for about $450 or less.

Panasonic SC-AK340K Compact Stereo System

The Panasonic SC-AK340K Compact Stereo System plays music, loud music, and does it well with a total output of 420 watts. For about $165, this model will get the party started. This system would be perfect for a dorm room, and furthermore lets you connect an MP3 player so you can access a portable library. The SC-AK340K also lets you play CD-R/RW and MP3 files burned to disc.

Garmin StreetPilot c550 GPS System

For the grad that's navigating toward the working world, a great gift might be the Garmin StreetPilot c550 GPS system. This handheld contains detailed maps of North America and a voice-guidance system that includes text-to-speech functionality, so the c550 announces actual street names. The c550 includes an FM Traffic Message Channel (TMC) receiver, which enables the unit to receive real-time traffic updates, so being on-time to the new job is a little easier. This system is widely available for less than $700.

Garmin StreetPilot c550 GPS System
Garmin StreetPilot c550 GPS System

Nintendo Wii or Sony PlayStation3 Video Game Console

If you are going to give a grad a video game console, make sure you know which system is the preferred. The two consoles that were introduced in fall of 2006, the Wii and the PS3, also provide different experiences. The PS3 is more traditional, with powerful graphics and a high-def look. The Wii is unconventional, with a Bluetooth-wireless, motion-sensitive controller that makes the act of swinging a tennis racket more lifelike, for example. Both have DVD players built in. The PS3's is a high-definition Blu-Ray DVD player, while the Wii has a 480p output standard def DVD player.

http://products.howstuffworks.com/graduation-gift-guide-electronics-for-grads-article.htm

Educational Electronic Toys

As video-game manufacturers continue to flood the market with highly stimulating fluff, many parents are looking for educational alternatives. If your kids are begging for a Nintendo Wii, but you prefer to buy something more mentally challenging, there are many electronic toys that keep children entertained while also engaging their minds. Many of today's electronic learning aids are designed to grow with your child, featuring a multitude of skill levels so that they stay relevant for years. Here are the most popular types of educational electronic toys and what to look for in each.


Learning Laptops

A learning laptop is a great choice for a child who wants to feel grown-up by playing on the computer. It resembles a real laptop computer, comes with a working keyboard and is preloaded with a variety of activities; expansion cards are sold separately. Learning laptops are available in popular themes and characters including Batman, Barbie and Disney Princesses. When shopping, look for a product that can withstand the normal amount of abuse from being dropped or played with too roughly. You'll also want to check your retailer's exchange policy in the event of a hardware malfunction.

Barbie B-Book Learning Laptop
Barbie B-Book Learning Laptop

Most learning laptops have tiny grayscale screens that are hard to see amidst the colorful surrounding plastic display. The small screens help keep cost down, but many children will become bored and frustrated if the graphics are too basic or are difficult to see. A laptop that has a larger, well-lit LCD screen and displays color graphics will cost more, but may keep your child engaged for longer periods. If your child is going to spend hours concentrating on a small screen while studying for school or riding in the car, you'll want a display that's as big and bright as possible. Check the visibility of the LCD screen in low light as well as bright sunlight.

Learning laptops are good choices for pre-school-age children. Look for a product with buttons and controls that are easy for your child to manipulate. Some laptops also have QWERTY keyboards that prepare children to work on real computers when they start school. Keep your child's current development level in mind, and don't necessarily let the suggested age range deter you from a product. Many parents find that their 2-year-olds, for example, are capable of playing and learning with a laptop recommended for ages 3 and up.

For school-age kids (5 to 9 years old), look for learning laptops that cover subjects including English, Spanish, math and science. They come preloaded with dozens of activities (usually 40 to 100), and some have bonus cartridges for more variety. Built-in customization technology helps keep the questions from being too easy or too hard as your child progresses through levels of expertise.


Interactive Book Systems

Interactive books target basic skill sets for little ones and cover the whole spectrum of subjects for elementary-school-aged children. Kids simply place the book on the player, snap in the cartridge and touch any page with the interactive pen to begin learning. Some systems also have additional writing functions or include a microphone so children can add their own voices to the story.

Children become frustrated when something is too hard, so look for books with pages that turn easily and buttons that are simple to find and push. Interactive books feature tear-resistant pages, but they may be too delicate for toddlers, who will need parental supervision. The toy should be able to stand up to a certain amount of abuse without ripping or breaking. You'll also want to make sure that the books you buy will complement and challenge the skills your child already has. For example, if your toddler already counts well, she will be bored by books that teach counting. Look instead for books that offer elementary math problems or books that focus on recognizing shapes or letters.

Book systems cost between $20 and $40, and the books themselves cost between $10 and $15 each. When assessing cost, you'll want to think about the lifespan of the toy relative to your child's attention span. Do you anticipate buying additional books to keep your child interested in the system, or will he grow out of it in a year? Children that already enjoy reading or being read to are more likely to stick with interactive books. For more active kids that don't like to sit still that long, this might be a gift that's only played with on long car trips.


Interactive TV Systems

Time spent in front of the television doesn't have to be time spent "vegging out." As an educational alternative to video game consoles, VTech and InteracTV make learning systems that plug directly into your TV. Check the list of compatible TVs and/or DVD players to be sure that the device will work with your home entertainment center. Then, hook up the system and try it out before presenting it to your child. Be sure to purchase an AC adapter if one is not included. Other upgrades you may want to consider are a wireless controller and an additional controller for multiplayer games.

Graphics on interactive TV systems tend to fall short of the standard set by Nintendo and PlayStation. Nonetheless, they need to be clear and bright enough for children to be able to identify the items pictured on screen. If you find the picture quality substandard and you have a hard time making out what's happening, your child will as well. For best results, look for games that tackle a variety of skill sets and/or have multiple skill levels. This will ensure your child is challenged and will extend the playable life of the game.


VTech V.Smile

Aimed at children ages 3 to 8, VTech's interactive game console, the V.Smile, combines video game technology with educational content that connects directly to your TV. V.Smile games help kids learn and practice skills in areas such as language, spelling, math, science, social studies, problem solving and music. For kids ages 5 and up, the V.Smile Pocket is a portable learning system that operates on AA batteries for on-the-road play and can also be connected directly to the TV at home. All VTech game cartridges, called Smartridges, are compatible with both the V.Smile home system and the V.Smile Pocket.


Handheld Games and Study Aids

Multimedia learning systems are more-educational versions of portable video game devices such as the Game Boy. LeapFrog makes the Leapster and the L-MAX, and Fisher-Price offers the Pixter. Multimedia game systems help children learn about all kinds of subjects from spelling to music, and using the stylus and controls can help them develop fine motor skills. Despite their small size, handhelds can be pricey. For maximum enjoyment, get a device that is adaptable with multi-level games so your child will not become bored once he or she has mastered the basics. Padded cases, sold separately for most products, protect the device when traveling and provide storage for the game cards.

For older children (grades 5 to 8), LeapFrog makes the iQuest. Compatible with a variety of subject-specific cartridges, it helps students prepare for tests and quizzes and also works as a personal organizer to keep track of homework assignments.

http://products.howstuffworks.com/educational-electronic-toys-article.htm

CNET editors' review

or LG Electronics is just one in a growing list of consumer electronic companies entering the U.S. GPS market. We first got a preview of the company's new portable navigation line at CES 2007, but recently we got the chance to get our hands on its flagship model, the LG Portable Navigator LN740, which retails for $499.95. The LN740 is a sleek device, offering accurate directions with text-to-speech functionality. LG also includes some nice extras, such as a free trial to Navteq's traffic services and a host of accessories. However, the device falls short with its low-resolution screen, and doesn't offer integrated Bluetooth as do other similarly priced models. The LN740 is a good first effort, but we think you'll get more for your money with the Magellan Maestro 4040Garmin StreetPilot c550.

Design
With its sleek, black-lacquered finish and compact size (4.5-inches wide by 3.5-inches high by 0.7-inch deep; 7 ounces), the LG Portable Navigator LN740 is a good-looking portable navigation system. The GPS receiver is integrated into the device, so there's no added bulk on the back of the unit or need to flip up a patch antenna to get a GPS fix.

On paper, the LN740's touch screen looks like a dream but in reality, it's a bit of a disappointment. It measures a wide 4 inches diagonally and displays 260,000 hues at a 320x240 pixel resolution. With that type of color output and screen quality, you'd expect sharp, vibrant maps, but this is not the case. While readable, the screen appeared grainy and pixelated and colors seemed washed out when viewed in direct sunlight. We adjusted the viewing angle and tweaked the brightness settings, which helped a little, but not enough to compete with TomTom's or Garmin's sharp displays. The touch screen, however, was responsive and the interface user-friendly and intuitive.

While the touch screen handles most of the main controls, you can adjust the volume and return to the device's main menu with dedicated controls that sit to the right of the display. There is a mini-USB port as well as a SD expansion slot on the left spine, while the right houses the power button, traffic antenna jack, and power connector. One notable omission we discovered was a headphone jack. The LN740 does offer music playback capabilities and a "pedestrian" mode; while you probably wouldn't use the device as an MP3 player or handheld navigator, it would have been nice to have the option to plug in a pair of headphones for an improved audio experience.

The LN740 comes with a good assortment of accessories, including an AC adapter, a car charger, a vehicle mount (for the windshield and dash), a traffic antenna, a carrying pouch, a USB cable, a backup map disc, and other reference material. We were impressed by the number of goodies (LG includes more than most), and particularly appreciated the AC charger, carrying case, and traffic antenna, as these can cost upwards of $40 when purchased separately.

The LN740 is easy to install on the vehicle mount. We had some initial concerns about whether the adjustable arm could support the device's weight, but the cradle held the device securely in place even as we drove over bumpy roads. The setup for the traffic antenna is a bit awkward, as it involves running a wire along the windshield and attaching it via suction cups. The result isn't very pretty.

Features
The LG Portable Navigator LN740 is equipped with a 20-channel SiRFstarIII GPS receiver and comes preloaded with Navteq maps covering North America. For everyday trips, you can go straight to the Map page and have the LN740 track your location as you cruise. Otherwise, you can plan a trip by entering a specific address, choosing a recently visited location, or selecting a destination from the My Places list. Entering addresses is easy, as the system quickly returns with possible results as soon as you start entering the first few letters of any city, state, or street. In addition, the LN740 supports multistop trips and offers a comprehensive points-of-interest database that includes some 7 million entries. This database includes major categories as well as more specific items, such as restaurants by cuisine, gas stations, ATMs, wineries, and parks--and will even include a phone number, if available.

The LN740 can create directions by shortest distance or fastest route, including or excluding toll roads, highways, or ferry ways. It also offers a "pedestrian" mode, if you wish to use the device while walking. Once the device has calculated a route, you can review a list of turn-by-turn text directions or get a route summary. We didn't find the summary helpful, as the level of detail is too superficial (a map overview with the highlighted route). If you don't agree with the provided directions or want to avoid part of the route, the device offers a reroute option as well as a detour function. What's more, LG provides a free 90-day subscription to Navteq's traffic services, so you can check to see if there is any congestion on your drive before you hit the road. To continue service after the complimentary period is up, you will have to pay $60 a year. The LN740 will also automatically recalculate the route if you happen to get off course.

Maps are presented in 2D or 3D and can automatically switch between colors representing day or night. A small on-screen diamond icon allows you to easily switch between the two map views; plus and minus signs located at the upper left and right corners of the screen let you zoom in or out. At the bottom of the screen, distance to and direction of your next move is displayed, along with current street name, speed, and estimated time of arrival. The street name of your next turn is listed at the top of the screen, which can be hard to read as it can sometimes blend in with the map. Fortunately, you don't have to rely on just visual prompts, as the LN740 also offers voice-guided directions with text-to-speech functionality. While the unit supports 16 languages, the text-to-speech capabilities are only available in English, Spanish, and French.

The one thing the LN740 lacks when compared to other systems in its class is integrated Bluetooth for hands-free calling. For better or worse, the LN740 does have music capabilities as well as a photo viewer that supports MP3 and WMA music files, as well as JPEG and BMP image formats.

Performance
We tested the LG Portable Navigator LN740 in San Francisco, and from a cold start, it took the unit a solid 10 minutes to get a GPS fix and pinpoint our location. We got a bit impatient during this time (especially since we were just sitting in the car), but fortunately, subsequent starts were almost instantaneous and the receiver did a great job of keeping a lock on our position as we drove throughout the city.

We planned a few trips: one from San Francisco to Tiburon, and another from the Marina district to CNET's downtown headquarters. Both times the LN740 provided us with accurate and efficient directions. Voice directions were hard to hear through the unit's weak speakers, and the text-to-speech instructions were robotic, mangling the pronunciation of some street names. Still, we'll absolutely take the awkward pronunciations over no text-to-speech at all. Route recalculations were quick enough to give us new directions before arriving at the next turn. The LG LN740's internal lithium ion battery is rated for up to 6 hours of continuous use.

http://ecoustics-cnet.com.com/car-gps-navigation/lg-ln740-gps-receiver/4505-3430_7-32432691.html?part=ecoustics-cnet

Electronic Systems in Corrosive Environments

Electronic systems installed in corrosive industrial environments face premature destruction if protective features are not in-built in them. For critical systems to withstand and perform flawlessly in such environments, it is important to shield them effectively to minimise the damaging impact of corrosive elements

The use of advanced electronic control system in process plants is growing because it increases productivity. But instruments and devices used in an electronic control system are vulnerable to corrosion. If the system is not properly protected, it may lead to breakdown and distortion of control information. An electronic system should therefore be designed to be inherently robust to perform well in a corrosion-prone environment.
A corrosive environment may be the result of gaseous contaminants like ammonia, mercaptan, hydrogen sulphide, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, moisture, and high relative humidity. Tobacco, smoke and smog also cause corrosion. Since electronic control systems have to perform in highly corrosive environments of industry, they must be well-shielded to protect them from damage through dust, moisture, and gases. However, it is practically impossible to seal a system in an airtight enclosure. A detachable cover or an access door is required for time-to-time servicing, repairs, testing, and system reconfiguration. This is especially true for local control panels of rotating equipment.
Even if a system is housed in a sealed cabinet or an enclosure, the environment within becomes corrosive the moment the system is opened. Corrosion can be minimised by maintaining the proper temperature of the room where the electronic control system is installed. This can be done by using air-conditioners and keeping the room as airtight as possible.
Control systems comprise a number of high-density components’ cards that generate heat which is dissipated through in-built cooling fans. Since these fans continuously throw out hot air, the proper functioning of the air-conditioner must be ensured at all times to avert the malfunctioning of the cards and hence the system.
Connectors, circuit boards, and wire wrap connections are most susceptible to degradation by environmental conditions. Separable contacts, such as two-piece card connectors, switches, and sockets for ics, can cause failure of the process control system. Common contaminants like active sulphides and reactive oxides on combining with oxidants such as nitrogen oxide react actively with base metal which can lead to high contact resistance, giving rise to intermittent process failures. The use of quality connectors helps overcome this problem.
It must be ensured that printed circuit boards used in the system are of high quality and the copper on the pcb remains insulated by a thin protective layer. This is important as the pcbs are exposed to etchants, flux, and residues of process chemicals. For system durability, protective coating of exposed pcb surface is essential. In pure sulphide environments, exposed copper may get etched. A properly selected and applied coating on a pcb provides a banter to both dust and corrosive gases. The longevity of an electronic module in a corrosive environment depends upon the quality of each component. Most resistors and capacitors used today have a polymer coated outer jacket which protects them from damage by environmental conditions. However, all polymeric materials are permeable. If moisture or contaminant penetrates this protective jacket, the component will fail over a period of time. To overcome this, hermetically-sealed components are used in military-grade applications.
All electronic designs should minimise the use of potentiometers. It is believed that pots cannot survive in harsh conditions. However, certain specially-manufactured pots do withstand a wide temperature range and humidity. Thus the selection of components of proper grade minimises the failure rate of control cards.
Digital electronic control systems do provide long-term reliable service in harsh process plant applications. But the capacity to withstand environmental conditions must be an inherent quality of the components, the interconnection sockets, and the cabinet itself. Their protection holds the key to successful performance of electronic systems for long. Process plants require protection against events that might cause damage to equipment, personnel, and production. This can be achieved through the following strategies:
Wherever possible, control components should be insulated from sources of contamination and corrosion at the time of original plant design.
Specifying corrosion-resistant materials that are effective in a particular environment, especially in the case of circuits that cannot be isolated from corrosive atmosphere.

http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/Articles/ad.asp?url=/efylinux/efyhome/cover/jan2000/electronic.htm&title=Electronic%20Systems%20in%20Corrosive%A0Environments

Electronic gizmos fashion trinkets of the future

Wearing multi-featured electronic gadgets is fast becoming a fashion statement. Fashion gurus and electronics wizards world over are working towards creating intelligent clothing with mobile phones and MP3 music players, wearable computers, and watch phones

diamond buttons containing tiny clocks. Electronics did not exist at that time otherwise d’Artois would have a wider choice.

The trend of electronics gizmos replacing jewellery and being used as fashion accessories is more than real. A model at the Brave New Unwired Fashion Technology Show at the Spring Internet World, Los Angeles, organised in April 2000, wore a necklace that either glowed, beeped, or vibrated to alert the wearer that he has received an e-mail.

At the World China Exhibition in April 2000, a Chinese model displayed an Internet necklace at a fashion show. The conceptual prototype allowed the wearer to dictate e-mail messages silently.

Clothes that tell you that you have forgotten your keys or warn you when your wallet is stolen, or a jogging suit that puts you through paces are part of a five-year project by the Brussels-based research group Star Lab to come up with a form of intelligent clothing. The mobile phone function in the clothing sends the data by e-mail to your sports club, which receives the report on your training by the time you have taken your shower. Star Lab has so far received funding from NASA, national government, and the European Commission.

With almost one year into its research, Star Lab showed off the first prototype of ‘i-wear’ at its elegant headquarters—an ornate former embassy—where some 60 scientists from 28 countries work on projects ranging from artificial brains to time travel to intelligent clothing. The prototype resembled a shirt composed of several layers, with heat sensors and microphones tucked away in the cuffs and collars to measure light and sound.

Cebit 2000, organised in February 2000, displayed wearable computers. The computers and batteries were hidden under the dress. Loudspeakers were mounted on the shoulders, the headset was worn round the neck, and the screen was just 5.1 cm (2 inch) from the eye. The keyboard was worn on the sleeve.

At the Hong Kong Brave New Unwired World Technology Fashion Show in November 1999 a model displayed a personal digital assistant on her forearm.

The Japanese don’t want to be left trailing and National Electronic Corporation (NEC) is busy designing what it foresees as the future of personal computers—a wearable computer terminal. Much like the other trinkets, people will wear in the future the wearable terminal that is predicted to become an indispensible business tool as well as fashion accessory according to NEC’s design centre at Tokyo. Some of the computers under design include wearable data terminal, lapbody computer, porto office, and spoon PC. Several prototypes of the PC have been already made. Some can be worn around the neck like a necklace, while some strapped around the waist adorn the arms and legs.

According to scientists, a few years from now computer shrinking would be so common that it would entail instant recognition of sound and handwriting over long distances. Sophisticated computers would also incorporate miniature keyboards and mice, voicemail, telephones, faxes, CD-ROMs, and even cameras and satellite transmission.

Computers would be specific to the needs of doctors, with medical equipment included in the PC, or to the needs of journalists who have to transmit field data apart from those basic computing needs. Inventory data terminal would be useful for those working in large departmental stores. The portal office computer would include most of the functions of a modern-day paperless office.

With Bluetooth technology coming fast into operation most of these devices would find it easy to communicate with other gizmos on the persons wearing the PCs.

Xybernaut of the USA is already making portable systems for use in the industry. This gives much to the expectations and would help in coming closer to wearable PCs.

Mobile and wireless computing spell the end of an era in which you sit down in front of your computer to communicate with the world and move physically between devices in separate locations to perform various tasks.

People want more than just accessing the Internet. They want TV and radio, and many other devices in one place. Besides, there should be the choice for buyers to equip themselves with different combinations of technologies. The show in Minneapolis projected models displaying wireless mini-computers and other high-technology gadgets. Internet World Asia 2000 in Suntec City, Singapore, presented the prototype of a bracelet, a pair of earrings, and a necklace—the first Internet-enabled jewellery—developed by Charmed.com, Los Angeles. With this jewellery, you have the advantage of looking great while you can call home, retrieve messages, or check on your stocks and shares. You can look good doing just about anything.

The idea is more than charming but fashion has co-opted the technology. In 1997 Motorola was the first to combine high technology with high fashion in Hollywood jeweller Martin Matz’s gold and diamond bags for its popular Star TAC phones. Motorola displayed its sleek Accompli watch phone at Cebit 2000 convention, which had a knobby antenna sticking out of the bottom. The company has also designed a wireless videophone that contains a tiny camera. It commissioned a boutique owner Tina Tan Leo to design four semi-precious carriers for the world’s smallest phone, the Motorola V-3688, in Italy.

The mobile phone is about to be transformed into a wearable and fashionable jewellery. The convergence of the watch and the communications equipment threatens traditional handset markets such as Sweden’s Telecom ABLM and EErricson. A team of fashion gurus and electronics wizards is working to produce jackets that incorporate a tiny mobile phone or a global positioning system to enable the wearer to determine his position anywhere in the world. Audio-video and video gear incorporating miniature cameras or TV screens can also be included. The jacket is the harbinger of fashion revolution that will include the latest communications gadgets.

France Telecom has spelled out its plans with seven other companies in a consortium I-wear. The members include Adidas, Levi’s, Strauss Europe, the French fashion house Courrages, the textile firm Bekintex & Vaso, Data Security, and Rectical. The work is being directed by Belgian Star Lab. Among the accessories, the watch has made a considerable progress. A century after the watch moved from the pocket to the wrist, timepieces are beginning to do a lot more than tick. Watch companies are turning them into stylish wrist phones, MP3 music players, and even crude Internet devices, presenting a challenge to mobile phone makers. People, especially youths, are looking for a cool technology, and that is where the creators of the technology will cash in.

As early as 1997 MITI’s Media Lab presented a bonafide fashion show of wearable computers. Partly an academic conference as well as a fashion preview, the show brought together computer scientists, researchers, and clothing company elite to watch fashion models prancing around in designs by aspiring fashion designers whose fanciful creations gave a new meaning to the term ‘software’.

Some of the world’s best-known fashion designers and cloth makers were on hand and designers from Nike, Levi’s, and Strauss and Swatch maker SMH Swiss—the all three Media Lab sponsors—were in the audience. The clothes on display—such as a music synthesiser woven into a tunic to translate the wearer’s words into a foreign language—were just a concept then. But the folks at Media Lab predicted that wearable computers would turn up on the sidewalks of Rome, Tokyo, New York, or San Francisco within the next few years.

Andrew Fagg, a researcher at the University of Massachusetts, is working on building a smart wearable computer. He is doing research in one of the newest fields in computing that allows a personal computer to be as wearable as a tool belt. The user can wear the monitor as a headset and the keypad as a wristwatch. The commercial market for such wearable computers has expanded strongly over the past year mainly for specific industrial use.

With lithium batteries reducing the weight of mobile PCs, the technology for miniature computer screens planted at the edge of a pair of glasses has improved drastically. The day is not far when wearable computers along with other electronic accessories will become a part of our life.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is very keen on developing wearable devices. Charmed Technologies, a California-based spin-off of the MIT’s Media Lab, held a fashion show at Internet World Conference in London in September 2000 to draw attention to ‘wireless everywear’. The show presented prototypes of jewellery with discrete information capabilities that used wireless technology developed by Arraycom, a US Technology company led by Martin Cooper, whom many tech-buffs call the father of the portable cell phone. The jewellery included an electronic badge that automatically uploaded and transferred information via infrared technology to a Webpage without the wearer having to remember the file number. There would be no need to swap visitor cards.

Electronics giant Philips and jeans maker Levi’s are too getting into the act besides the I-wear project. They will launch ICD jackets across Europe with a built-in mobile phone and an MP3 music player, aimed at what a spokesman called ‘urban nomads’, i.e. youths who hold meetings everywhere.

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