In the present environment when technology is progressing at a tremendous pace, obsolescence and redundancy are common phenomena leading to surplus inventory. Several cities have excellent surplus electronics stores, and once you find one, you are in for a pleasant surprise.
The above factors have made it difficult for manufacturers to make new components for earlier generations of products. Although the purchase of new components has several advantages like long life expectancy and proper maintenance service, they are more expensive and subject to more failure rates during the break-in period.
You should consider the following factors while buying surplus or used components: reliability, useful life, vendor, warranty or test capability, selection support and price.
You can now find more vendors to choose from when purchasing surplus components. This is partly because of the expanding pool of used equipment left over after modernizations, and through new technology such as the Internet. Vendors selling used surplus components include original equipment vendors, parts dealers, system integrators, end-users and a variety of other organizations.
Most surplus-component dealers are ready to offer you a warranty of at least one year. This is no big deal for dealers that have a regular inventory, as they can simply replace the item if it were to fail. Failure rates are usually not at all high for components that have come directly from working systems and have been handled properly. Occasionally, the warranted parts are marketed as “refurbished” after being inspected, tested, repaired and updated as required.
Among the numerous surplus component distributors, mention can be made of Debco Electronics, Midwest Surplus Electronics and Mendelson Liquidation Outlet in the Dayton-Cincinnati region.
Other leading stores are Electronic Surplus, Inc (Cleveland), Fair Radio Sales (Lima), Hosfelt Electronics (Steubenville), Skycraft Parts and Surplus, Inc (Orlando). MAI Prime Parts (Indianapolis), and Fertik's Electronics (Philadelphia).
All Electronics (Van Nuys), and Alltronics (San Jose) are very reliable houses too.
Electronic Components provides detailed information on Electronic Components, Surplus Electronic Components, Electronic Component Distributors, Electronic Component Suppliers and more. Electronic Components is affiliated with Electronic Data Discovery.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Alison_Cole
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
Electronics - Is Newer and Faster Best For You
In today’s world the continuous development and change in electronics is so fast that once you buy an electronic device often a year and in some cases 6 months down the track it is already out of date. Devices that often top the list in the fastest changing are computers, cell phones, DVD player and the list goes on. This too many people means that they have to continuously go out and update there electronic devices, but is this really necessary, do we really have to do this. What I mean is do we have to go out and buy the latest and greatest products?
In today’s world the continuous development and change in electronics is so fast that once you buy an electronic device often a year and in some cases 6 months down the track it is already out of date. Devices that often top the list in the fastest changing are computers, cell phones, DVD player and the list goes on. This too many people means that they have to continuously go out and update there electronic devices, but is this really necessary, do we really have to do this. What I mean is do we have to go out and buy the latest and greatest products?
One of the best examples of this is in the digital camera. Most people of today have converted from the old days of analogue film and now own a digital camera, I own one and I am a huge fan of them. However do we need to go out and buy the best one on the market? At the moment some digital cameras have the ability to take pictures at well over 10 mega pixels, this is great and can be of large use to many photographers, however does the everyday holiday maker and person really need a 10 mega pixel camera.
No not at all, it depends on what you are going to be using your camera for. For example if you are planning to go on vacation somewhere and need a camera to take pictures, the primary feature of it will be that it has to be compact and light weight. You do not want to have to lug a massive camera around and have to take it out of a bag and set it up to use, you want a small compact camera that can fit easy into your bag or pocket and be ready to go as soon as you grab it. Small compact cameras still come with capabilities of 7 to 8 mega pixels which are more than enough.
Another thing to note is do you need to buy a camera with all the built in editing features. In my opinion editing of pictures is far easier and better on a computer where you can quickly get things done. In built editing on a camera is hard to use since you have to judge the editing you are doing on a small LCD screen and the editing power that you have is not very much. Often features like this are unnecessary and mean that you will pay for features you do not want. In my opinion don’t judge a camera by the bells and whistles it has but by its primary objectives and how well it carries them out.
What is important to remember here is what are the features in piece of equipment are we going to use and what are the features that we are going to disregard and not use. Let’s be honest here, most of use never you the full power of our computers and electrical devices, we hardly even get close too either. So why pay for it, If you are not going to use all the extra features that are provided to you in an electronic device don’t get the extra features. Just pay for what you are going to use.
To find additional information like this or about electronics visit – http://electronicsexpressonline.com http://electronicsexpressonline.com was founded Jakob Culver. Jakob has a background and large knowledge in and about electronics.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jakob_Culver
In today’s world the continuous development and change in electronics is so fast that once you buy an electronic device often a year and in some cases 6 months down the track it is already out of date. Devices that often top the list in the fastest changing are computers, cell phones, DVD player and the list goes on. This too many people means that they have to continuously go out and update there electronic devices, but is this really necessary, do we really have to do this. What I mean is do we have to go out and buy the latest and greatest products?
One of the best examples of this is in the digital camera. Most people of today have converted from the old days of analogue film and now own a digital camera, I own one and I am a huge fan of them. However do we need to go out and buy the best one on the market? At the moment some digital cameras have the ability to take pictures at well over 10 mega pixels, this is great and can be of large use to many photographers, however does the everyday holiday maker and person really need a 10 mega pixel camera.
No not at all, it depends on what you are going to be using your camera for. For example if you are planning to go on vacation somewhere and need a camera to take pictures, the primary feature of it will be that it has to be compact and light weight. You do not want to have to lug a massive camera around and have to take it out of a bag and set it up to use, you want a small compact camera that can fit easy into your bag or pocket and be ready to go as soon as you grab it. Small compact cameras still come with capabilities of 7 to 8 mega pixels which are more than enough.
Another thing to note is do you need to buy a camera with all the built in editing features. In my opinion editing of pictures is far easier and better on a computer where you can quickly get things done. In built editing on a camera is hard to use since you have to judge the editing you are doing on a small LCD screen and the editing power that you have is not very much. Often features like this are unnecessary and mean that you will pay for features you do not want. In my opinion don’t judge a camera by the bells and whistles it has but by its primary objectives and how well it carries them out.
What is important to remember here is what are the features in piece of equipment are we going to use and what are the features that we are going to disregard and not use. Let’s be honest here, most of use never you the full power of our computers and electrical devices, we hardly even get close too either. So why pay for it, If you are not going to use all the extra features that are provided to you in an electronic device don’t get the extra features. Just pay for what you are going to use.
To find additional information like this or about electronics visit – http://electronicsexpressonline.com http://electronicsexpressonline.com was founded Jakob Culver. Jakob has a background and large knowledge in and about electronics.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jakob_Culver
Benefits of Electronic Magazines
Online magazines or electronic magazines were created to reach many viewers. Like the conventional magazines, electronic magazines contain a lot of information regarding various topics. They are also sometimes called web magazine or cyberspace magazine. Electronic magazines, just like any other magazines, are updated weekly or monthly.
Brief History of Ezine
Before, electronic magazines were distributed through CD- R O M s and electronic mails to subscribers. But with the advancement of technology especially the Internet, most electronic magazine owners now have their own websites where they can publish new information and update them regularly. They need only to post their updates or make use of emails to inform their subscribers of their updates.
Electronic Magazines and Profits
For webmasters, having their own electronic magazines can greatly increase traffic, and with traffic comes profit, but the profit comes not from the sales of their products and services but from the advertising space that they can sell. Before you reap your benefits of selling the advertising spaces though, you have to make sure that you attract the right visitors. And how can you do this - by posting only the content that are relevant and of god quality.
Because people are in need of information, Internet users find electronic magazine helpful in their search for such as the information are listed categorically, making it easier for them. This need will not likely lessen as the Internet is only just beginning to be noticed as a great business venture, and the more popular your electronic magazine is, the more traffic it gets and the more potential websites owners will want to post their ads in your electronic magazine. But never forget that the best electronic magazine should only contain quality contents as your visitors are not looking for rubbish contents. They need relevant information, not garbage ones.
Having a trusted electronic magazine gives you loyal subscribers and visitors. Like stated above, this trust will be yours only if you provide quality contents that are updated regularly. If your subscribers and visitors see how you provide them these, your credibility and trustworthiness increases.
Maintaining Your Electronic Magazine
Having an electronic magazine is not a simple task. Aside from having to choose only quality contents, you also have to update your electronic magazine regularly.
Writing quality articles is not an easy job. It should be done by those who have interest in it, so if you are the one writing for your electronic magazine, be ready to write about a lot of relevant and interesting topics.
For your mailing list, you can utilize the services of a third party to maintain your mailing list for you. Just make sure that you choose only the reliable one.
Did you know 90% of driving FREE traffic to your website is created by 3 major factors? Find out exactly what they are and how easily it is to solve them here Marketing
In the last year Steve’s companies have generated over 1.5 million dollars worth of business using different strategies one of them been internet marketing online at Online Marketing Steve is a leading expert with 25 years experience in the business sector has offices in both the United States and the UK. The most solid advice you will ever hear is "find an easy market" with little competition and research your keywords correctly, research is the key
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Stephen_Pavis
Brief History of Ezine
Before, electronic magazines were distributed through CD- R O M s and electronic mails to subscribers. But with the advancement of technology especially the Internet, most electronic magazine owners now have their own websites where they can publish new information and update them regularly. They need only to post their updates or make use of emails to inform their subscribers of their updates.
Electronic Magazines and Profits
For webmasters, having their own electronic magazines can greatly increase traffic, and with traffic comes profit, but the profit comes not from the sales of their products and services but from the advertising space that they can sell. Before you reap your benefits of selling the advertising spaces though, you have to make sure that you attract the right visitors. And how can you do this - by posting only the content that are relevant and of god quality.
Because people are in need of information, Internet users find electronic magazine helpful in their search for such as the information are listed categorically, making it easier for them. This need will not likely lessen as the Internet is only just beginning to be noticed as a great business venture, and the more popular your electronic magazine is, the more traffic it gets and the more potential websites owners will want to post their ads in your electronic magazine. But never forget that the best electronic magazine should only contain quality contents as your visitors are not looking for rubbish contents. They need relevant information, not garbage ones.
Having a trusted electronic magazine gives you loyal subscribers and visitors. Like stated above, this trust will be yours only if you provide quality contents that are updated regularly. If your subscribers and visitors see how you provide them these, your credibility and trustworthiness increases.
Maintaining Your Electronic Magazine
Having an electronic magazine is not a simple task. Aside from having to choose only quality contents, you also have to update your electronic magazine regularly.
Writing quality articles is not an easy job. It should be done by those who have interest in it, so if you are the one writing for your electronic magazine, be ready to write about a lot of relevant and interesting topics.
For your mailing list, you can utilize the services of a third party to maintain your mailing list for you. Just make sure that you choose only the reliable one.
Did you know 90% of driving FREE traffic to your website is created by 3 major factors? Find out exactly what they are and how easily it is to solve them here Marketing
In the last year Steve’s companies have generated over 1.5 million dollars worth of business using different strategies one of them been internet marketing online at Online Marketing Steve is a leading expert with 25 years experience in the business sector has offices in both the United States and the UK. The most solid advice you will ever hear is "find an easy market" with little competition and research your keywords correctly, research is the key
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Stephen_Pavis
Live and Die with Electronic Air Purifier Systems
The technology that goes into electronic air purifiers can be quite diverse from one maker to another. The battle to be the next air purifier company with innovative ways to clean the air we breathe is large. New technology is on the rise each year for new ways to filter and process the air in our homes, cars, and businesses. This article will examine some electronic air purifier systems and their benefits.
Each manufacture of electronic air purifiers uses different features and qualities to try and stand out from the rest. The basics of what electronic air purifiers are used for are still the same. The basics of an electronic air purifier are to remove many of the pollens, danders, and other air pollutants that float through the air we breathe.
Static electricity is the main ingredient for the source of technology used in an electronic air purifier system. The static that is developed by the electronic air purifier will attach a charge to all the particles that are found in the air by the air purifier.
The static technology works much like two magnets that are attracted to each other. The bad particles in the air are filled with a charge that is then attracted to a plate inside the electronic air purifier. The bad particles that are sucked into the air purifier attaches themselves to a plate and then the good air flows out free from the pollens, dust mites, and other harmful particles.
The static charge process can take place in two different ways and you will find that manufactures will offer both systems. There are one process electronic air purifiers and two process electronic air purifiers. There really is no evidence that one way is better than the other.
Electronic air purifiers are great investment into any home or office. They will help to eliminate many of the cold and allergy symptoms that you may face on a daily basis. The rules of (you get what you pay for) are very true when it comes to electronic air purifiers. The better systems will run $300.00 or more, but are well worth the investment.
For more information on Air Cleaners and Purifiers for your home or business try visiting http://air-cleaners-and-purifiers.com, a website that specializes in providing helpful tips, advice and Air Cleaners and Purifiers resources to include Electronic Air Purifier and more.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Tom_Turner
Each manufacture of electronic air purifiers uses different features and qualities to try and stand out from the rest. The basics of what electronic air purifiers are used for are still the same. The basics of an electronic air purifier are to remove many of the pollens, danders, and other air pollutants that float through the air we breathe.
Static electricity is the main ingredient for the source of technology used in an electronic air purifier system. The static that is developed by the electronic air purifier will attach a charge to all the particles that are found in the air by the air purifier.
The static technology works much like two magnets that are attracted to each other. The bad particles in the air are filled with a charge that is then attracted to a plate inside the electronic air purifier. The bad particles that are sucked into the air purifier attaches themselves to a plate and then the good air flows out free from the pollens, dust mites, and other harmful particles.
The static charge process can take place in two different ways and you will find that manufactures will offer both systems. There are one process electronic air purifiers and two process electronic air purifiers. There really is no evidence that one way is better than the other.
Electronic air purifiers are great investment into any home or office. They will help to eliminate many of the cold and allergy symptoms that you may face on a daily basis. The rules of (you get what you pay for) are very true when it comes to electronic air purifiers. The better systems will run $300.00 or more, but are well worth the investment.
For more information on Air Cleaners and Purifiers for your home or business try visiting http://air-cleaners-and-purifiers.com, a website that specializes in providing helpful tips, advice and Air Cleaners and Purifiers resources to include Electronic Air Purifier and more.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Tom_Turner
Feel the Vibe of Electronics
We sure have come a long way since Thomas Alva Edison’s face glowed in the incandescence of the world’s first light bulb. Today, electronic gadgets make the world go round. It could be either education or entertainment, medical aid or industrial process, the role of electronics is as inevitable as indispensable it is. It forms the very backbone of life in the modern world, making achievement of targets and meeting of challenges simpler for us.
New technology, research and development have not only modified the shape of things but even modulated the way we think and our lifestyle. All research and development in electronics is need-based and even as you feel the need for a particular feature in a gadget, it’s been evolved and has already begun doing the rounds in the market.
The gamut of gizmo is mind-boggling and there seems to be a device for every need. There are sophisticated instruments that measure the level of sugar in your blood, while another sleek toy helps you keep count of the chant you say, saving you the trouble of moving the beads of a rosary. Yet another alarm will help remind you that it’s time you changed the baby’s diapers.
From alarm clocks to wake you up and coffee makers that give you the trouble to decant, the life of a human today is yesterday’s science fiction coming true. There’s a paradigm shift in the method of living and increasing dependency on electronics has, on the other hand, raised our levels of output and efficiency too. A tool for every effort gives us more space, quality time to spend on other pursuits and margin to pack in more into our workday than our forefathers could.
The world of electronics is no more ‘virtual’. It is the real world turning so many things that dwelt only in our imagination so far into the actual and inspiring us to dream further. Electronics have saved us the toil, as the catch line of an electronics manufacturer’s advertisement puts it, to ‘make things better and better all the time’.
Copyrights protected article written by Andrew Stratton for Surveillance Technology. More articles and information about the electronic products and electronic surveillance can be viewed easily altogether at this location http://www.surveillancetechnology.com/electronic-know-how.htm . Please be free to explore the website for more information on every surveillance products and their features.
Please be free to copy and paste the article in your website with resource box.
Note: Do not use the article without resource box.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Stratton
New technology, research and development have not only modified the shape of things but even modulated the way we think and our lifestyle. All research and development in electronics is need-based and even as you feel the need for a particular feature in a gadget, it’s been evolved and has already begun doing the rounds in the market.
The gamut of gizmo is mind-boggling and there seems to be a device for every need. There are sophisticated instruments that measure the level of sugar in your blood, while another sleek toy helps you keep count of the chant you say, saving you the trouble of moving the beads of a rosary. Yet another alarm will help remind you that it’s time you changed the baby’s diapers.
From alarm clocks to wake you up and coffee makers that give you the trouble to decant, the life of a human today is yesterday’s science fiction coming true. There’s a paradigm shift in the method of living and increasing dependency on electronics has, on the other hand, raised our levels of output and efficiency too. A tool for every effort gives us more space, quality time to spend on other pursuits and margin to pack in more into our workday than our forefathers could.
The world of electronics is no more ‘virtual’. It is the real world turning so many things that dwelt only in our imagination so far into the actual and inspiring us to dream further. Electronics have saved us the toil, as the catch line of an electronics manufacturer’s advertisement puts it, to ‘make things better and better all the time’.
Copyrights protected article written by Andrew Stratton for Surveillance Technology. More articles and information about the electronic products and electronic surveillance can be viewed easily altogether at this location http://www.surveillancetechnology.com/electronic-know-how.htm . Please be free to explore the website for more information on every surveillance products and their features.
Please be free to copy and paste the article in your website with resource box.
Note: Do not use the article without resource box.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Stratton
It is Honeywell F300 Electronic Air Cleaner the Best on the Market?
Honeywell surveyed several thousand homeowners who bought a Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaner to help control their allergies to ask how the air cleaner worked for them.
Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported that the Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaner provided them "significant" relief.
Key Features for Honeywell F300 Electronic Air Cleaners:
• Meets American Lung Association Health House guidelines.
• Advanced, easy-to-use technology. Three-stage filtration includes exclusive electrostatic postfilter that improves filtration with minimal resistance to airflow.
• Easy maintenance. Optional Air Watch system reminds you to wash the filter cells.
• 5-year warranty.
• Model Numbers: Honeywell F300E1001, F300E1017, F300E1027, F300A1035, F300A1620, F300A1625, F300A2020, F300A2025, F300A2021, F300B2012, F300A2012.5, and F300B2012.5.
Capturing up to 98% of particles (3.0 - 10.0 micron) that pass through the filter, the Honeywell F300 offers one of the highest level of filtration on the market.
You can say goodbye to monthly filter replacements by simply washing the air cleaner cells in your dishwasher or sink.
Compared to throw-away furnace filters, the Honeywell F300 "Super Cells" give years of high-efficiency air cleaning while requiring no recurring replacement costs and only simple cleaning maintenance. The durable lightweight cells (9 1/2 lbs.) can be washed in your automatic dishwasher or soak them in any conventional wash container. What does it cost to operate? Very little. The F300 uses about the same amount of electricity as a 40-watt light bulb.
That's 20 to 40 times higher efficiency than throwaway furnace filters, making the Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaner one of the best air quality control product on the market.
Julian Arhire is a Manager with DtiCorp.com - http://www.DtiCorp.com sells brand new Home, Residential and Commercial Honeywell HVAC controls, Thermostats and Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaners.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Julian_Arhire
Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported that the Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaner provided them "significant" relief.
Key Features for Honeywell F300 Electronic Air Cleaners:
• Meets American Lung Association Health House guidelines.
• Advanced, easy-to-use technology. Three-stage filtration includes exclusive electrostatic postfilter that improves filtration with minimal resistance to airflow.
• Easy maintenance. Optional Air Watch system reminds you to wash the filter cells.
• 5-year warranty.
• Model Numbers: Honeywell F300E1001, F300E1017, F300E1027, F300A1035, F300A1620, F300A1625, F300A2020, F300A2025, F300A2021, F300B2012, F300A2012.5, and F300B2012.5.
Capturing up to 98% of particles (3.0 - 10.0 micron) that pass through the filter, the Honeywell F300 offers one of the highest level of filtration on the market.
You can say goodbye to monthly filter replacements by simply washing the air cleaner cells in your dishwasher or sink.
Compared to throw-away furnace filters, the Honeywell F300 "Super Cells" give years of high-efficiency air cleaning while requiring no recurring replacement costs and only simple cleaning maintenance. The durable lightweight cells (9 1/2 lbs.) can be washed in your automatic dishwasher or soak them in any conventional wash container. What does it cost to operate? Very little. The F300 uses about the same amount of electricity as a 40-watt light bulb.
That's 20 to 40 times higher efficiency than throwaway furnace filters, making the Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaner one of the best air quality control product on the market.
Julian Arhire is a Manager with DtiCorp.com - http://www.DtiCorp.com sells brand new Home, Residential and Commercial Honeywell HVAC controls, Thermostats and Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaners.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Julian_Arhire
Electronic Chip Equipped Credit Cards
This amazing tool simplifies the credit card payment process and contributes to the eradication of identity fraud and theft from online as well as offline transactions. For many years the chip technology has been in the electronic industry being protagonist of every mayor technology breakthrough. Now, the chip technology has made its appearance in the world of finances and payments. It will most definitely contribute to making transactions safer and securer.
Electronic Chip Credit Card’s Concept
The Chip stores data in its memory making transaction really simple as all your personal details will be included in the cheap. This will contribute to commerce making payment faster, safer and incredibly easy to handle. The only thing you’ll need to do is enter the pin number that will validate ownership of the financial product associated with the card as well as your identity.
The electronic chip replaces the old magnetic band. This band was a security problem due to the possibility for an unscrupulous person to access, read, modify, write or delete the information stored on it with very cheap pieces of hardware. Credit card duplication became a common practice and in many countries you are required to show some ID when paying with a credit card.
Information Safety
The electronic chip credit cards help keep data safe and avoid information from being forged and tampered. Thus, these new cards are proving to be a lot more reliable than magnetic band credit cards. The sole problem is that you need to remember the pin number and that access to your pin number implies access to all of your information stored on the card. However, this number requires validation from time to time in order to make things even safer. The period of time will be determined by the credit card issuer.
How Does It Function
These credit cards do not need to be passed through the reader, since they work with a chip, you just need to deep it into the terminal and all the information is immediately read. You won’t have to worry about damaging or demagnetizing the card as these chips are a lot more resistant. The chip reader is also capable of reading and saving information on the chip. Thus, a store will be able to store proprietary data on a card thus making it possible to add award programs, information for making deliveries, etc.
Also, since these cards do not require a magnetic band, they can be incredibly small. Inside the small chip you can include mobile ATM facilities, remote ticketing, online payments, and many more services that will be added as the technology becomes more and more popular with time. These cards will be able to unify several accounts, debit and credit facilities, telephone number, etc. Amazingly these chip equipped credit cards will make online as well as offline purchases a very simple, fast and secure procedure.
You will find more useful tips and interesting articles on this subject and other financial related topics by clicking Here
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mary_Wise
Electronic Chip Credit Card’s Concept
The Chip stores data in its memory making transaction really simple as all your personal details will be included in the cheap. This will contribute to commerce making payment faster, safer and incredibly easy to handle. The only thing you’ll need to do is enter the pin number that will validate ownership of the financial product associated with the card as well as your identity.
The electronic chip replaces the old magnetic band. This band was a security problem due to the possibility for an unscrupulous person to access, read, modify, write or delete the information stored on it with very cheap pieces of hardware. Credit card duplication became a common practice and in many countries you are required to show some ID when paying with a credit card.
Information Safety
The electronic chip credit cards help keep data safe and avoid information from being forged and tampered. Thus, these new cards are proving to be a lot more reliable than magnetic band credit cards. The sole problem is that you need to remember the pin number and that access to your pin number implies access to all of your information stored on the card. However, this number requires validation from time to time in order to make things even safer. The period of time will be determined by the credit card issuer.
How Does It Function
These credit cards do not need to be passed through the reader, since they work with a chip, you just need to deep it into the terminal and all the information is immediately read. You won’t have to worry about damaging or demagnetizing the card as these chips are a lot more resistant. The chip reader is also capable of reading and saving information on the chip. Thus, a store will be able to store proprietary data on a card thus making it possible to add award programs, information for making deliveries, etc.
Also, since these cards do not require a magnetic band, they can be incredibly small. Inside the small chip you can include mobile ATM facilities, remote ticketing, online payments, and many more services that will be added as the technology becomes more and more popular with time. These cards will be able to unify several accounts, debit and credit facilities, telephone number, etc. Amazingly these chip equipped credit cards will make online as well as offline purchases a very simple, fast and secure procedure.
You will find more useful tips and interesting articles on this subject and other financial related topics by clicking Here
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mary_Wise
Online Book Publishing
Online publishing or electronic publishing means publishing e-books and electronic articles as well as development of digital libraries by way of the Internet. Online publishing is fast becoming a popular mode of disseminating all kinds of publications. Most of the information is encapsulated as e-books, which are electronic or digital versions of printed books. The term e-book is an individual work in a digital format or a hardware device used to read books in a digital format.
Online book publishers commonly bundle information as e-books for distribution among target users. Most of the e-books contain metadata like printed books and includes details about author, title, publisher and copyright date. Online books can also be published in a variety of formats, keeping target readers in view and the type of work to be digitalized. Some of the commonly used formats are image, used mainly for distributing comic books, art books or other visual works; rich text; hyper text markup language or HTML, used mostly in web pages; PostScript or .ps is a page description language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing industry for enhancing the quality of a printed page from the actual output of bitmap file.
Other advanced formats include TeX, used as a popular academic format; Portable Document or .pdf file format, created by Adobe System to provide a standard form for storing and editing printed publishable documents; eReader, a program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books; DesktopAuthor, an electronic publishing suite that allows creation of digital web books with virtual turning pages. Digital web books can be written in this format, including e-brochures, e-books, digital photo albums, e-cards, digital diaries, online resumes, quizzes, exams, tests, forms and surveys.
Online books undoubtedly score over the traditional printed books as they are less cumbersome, distributed at a low cost, can be formatted and copied easily, have less margin of error and give more editorial and authorial freedom. However, online book publishing has its own share of problems, as e-books can be easily hacked or disseminated without approval from the author or publisher.
Book Publishing provides detailed information on Book Publishing, Book Publishing Companies, Online Book Publishing, Book Publishing Services and more. Book Publishing is affiliated with Book Binding Equipment.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Gluckman
Online book publishers commonly bundle information as e-books for distribution among target users. Most of the e-books contain metadata like printed books and includes details about author, title, publisher and copyright date. Online books can also be published in a variety of formats, keeping target readers in view and the type of work to be digitalized. Some of the commonly used formats are image, used mainly for distributing comic books, art books or other visual works; rich text; hyper text markup language or HTML, used mostly in web pages; PostScript or .ps is a page description language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing industry for enhancing the quality of a printed page from the actual output of bitmap file.
Other advanced formats include TeX, used as a popular academic format; Portable Document or .pdf file format, created by Adobe System to provide a standard form for storing and editing printed publishable documents; eReader, a program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books; DesktopAuthor, an electronic publishing suite that allows creation of digital web books with virtual turning pages. Digital web books can be written in this format, including e-brochures, e-books, digital photo albums, e-cards, digital diaries, online resumes, quizzes, exams, tests, forms and surveys.
Online books undoubtedly score over the traditional printed books as they are less cumbersome, distributed at a low cost, can be formatted and copied easily, have less margin of error and give more editorial and authorial freedom. However, online book publishing has its own share of problems, as e-books can be easily hacked or disseminated without approval from the author or publisher.
Book Publishing provides detailed information on Book Publishing, Book Publishing Companies, Online Book Publishing, Book Publishing Services and more. Book Publishing is affiliated with Book Binding Equipment.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Gluckman
Compliance of Tax Return in Electronic Commerce Taxation
Emerging Legal issues of Tax compliance of e-business Self-assessment system relies on taxpayers voluntarily meeting their tax obligations by tax payee. This concept is recognised in all tax statutes, which sets out taxpayers’ primary obligations to fill tax return on self-assessment, and clearly spells out that taxpayers are required to determine the amount of tax payable correctly and to pay it on time. Disclosure in this context is introduced for two main purposes. First, it is necessary to provide information for audit selection. Secondly, disclosure is relevant for the purposes of the abatement of penalties. Taxpayers have a statutory obligation to disclose to the Commissioner in a timely and useful way all information required to be disclosed under the tax laws. Disclosure here covers items specifically required to be disclosed by statute, and items for which disclosure is required by the Central Board of Revenue Department.
For income tax, under section 26 of sale tax act 1990 and 114 of income tax ordinance 2001, the departments requires a complete statement of the taxable income of the taxpayer for the preceding year, together with such other particulars as may be prescribed. The department’s disclosure expectations cover any requirements set out in a particular tax return, in the guide accompanying a particular tax return, or matters for which a specific disclosure form is prescribed. In the area of tax returns and compliance, electronic commerce has created new variations on old legal issues as well as new categories of legal issues. These developments require that practical techniques be employed to deal with these technological innovations. These technological developments touch on a wide range of legal issues affecting the filing of tax returns to audit selection.
The filing of tax return of e-business and furnishing evidence Electronic commerce is still developing and no electronic money system has yet achieved widespread usage. Nevertheless, it is important to consider these issues now since some issues may require that the needs of filing and providing of tax returns be considered tax returns of electronic commerce be modernized while electronic commerce systems are still under development, and related issues of the filing of tax return of e-business and furnishing evidence be also taken into consideration. Electronic commerce on the web can actually facilitate compliance with consumer disclosure requirements.
Identity of person liable to file returns A New Yorker cartoon once published two dogs sitting in front of a computer with a symbol on the Internet; nobody knows rather they are a dog or any other creature. Tax administrators face a similar issue. Under clause (a) subsection 1 of section 114 of Income tax Ordinance 2001 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the tax return,“…subject to this Ordinance, the following persons are required to furnish a return of income for a tax year, namely (a)Every company and any other person whose taxable income for the year exceeds the maximum amount that is not chargeable to tax under this Ordinance for the year;”
Similar type of tax provision is available in section 26 of Sale Tax Act 1990 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the monthly tax return,“…Every registered person shall furnish not later than the due date a true and correct return in the prescribed form to a designated bank specified by the Board, indicating the purchases and the supplies made during a tax period, the tax due and paid and such other information, as may be prescribed”
Under section 26AA of Sale Tax Act 1990 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the Retail tax return, “…Every person required to pay turnover tax shall furnish a true and correct return in the prescribed form to the Office of the Collector having jurisdiction indicating the value of supplies made in tax period, the tax paid and such other information as may be prescribed.”
Identification of the parties to a transaction is a necessary first step in determining what the tax liability is for the transaction and who is liable for any tax payable. In relation to e-commerce, special difficulties are encountered. Where any business transaction is done through an e-page, the tax authorities must be technological capable enough to link the website with the "real world" physical parties behind it. An e-page can easily conceal the true identity of the person benefiting from any business it does.
On the Internet it is too easy to use a false identity and it is not currently feasible for tax authorities to independently verify a party's identity. This raises a number of legal issues because the identity of counterparty is important for numerous tax provisions. Similarly, unless tax administrations actively look for signs that existing businesses are involved in e-commerce the existence of a website and parties to transaction could remain undetected. Furthermore, websites can quite easily be set up offshore or offshore websites can "front" onshore business. It is imperative for CBR to encourage voluntary disclosure of websites used as part of the selling and, possibly, distribution functions of a business. As a modest first step, tax forms will need to be changed to ask about e-commerce and to get information about browsing address of e-page of any business selling on the internet.
Finally, how the tax returns and other documents are to be attached as provided in tax provisions, I have disclosed this issue in chapter on “e-record and booking keeping”. Electronic cash and bank secrecy The developments in electronic payment systems have the potential to create "electronic money." Electronic money is a broad term, and just as electronic money systems differ in their technical features and it is also differ in the extent to which they create legal issues for tax returns. Depending on the type of system used, electronic money can caused various obstacles in way of compliance and it has an advantage or a disadvantage for collection of taxation. The use of electronic cash as a means of transacting internet business has been legalized by various state as an acceptable alternative to credit card payments.
“The use of digital or electronic cash in e-commerce transactions could lead to difficulties for Revenue auditors. Revenue auditors have traditionally had to grapple with the lack of controls associated with the cash economy. The increasing sophistication of business transactions and the development of a variety of payment methods have meant that cash payments have become a diminishing feature of business transactions.” The electronic money poses serious threat to a tax evasion potential comparative to that created by paper money. This raises the issue of whether the evasion potential is manageable and what must be done to manage it. It is possible that the techniques that have been developed over time to combat tax evasion using paper money may not be workable combat evasion through electronic money. The Electronic money has made easy to deposit unreported income in a bank or other financial institution with fraction of time.
As a result of electronic money's facility in transmitting large amounts of money with relative ease across the border, combined with the continued use of e-cash, the legal issues of an underground and unaccounted economy is likely to be exacerbated. Electronic money and the Internet substantially has increased the opportunities to open bank accounts, letterbox companies and trust accounts can be established abroad with relative ease and safety, and money can be transmitted anonymously. Such accounts are, of course, causing providing opportunity for tax evasion of home state by taking harbor in zero tax states.
Verification of identity and attached documents Verification of identity is also a problem for tax authorities, who want to be assured that the persons with whom they do business are who they claim to be . As a result, companies engaged in electronic commerce are developing "digital certificates" or "digital IDs" that can be used to verify a person's identity over the Internet ; and “Digital certificates" are issued by a trusted legal intermediary authorities who verifies the identity and documents of a tax payer and performs appropriate background checks, depending on the level of assurance to be granted. The simplest level verification granted by these is that an e-mail message was sent from an indicated address. The next level verifies the digital ID holder through online identity verification against a consumer database when time and place of e-transaction conducted by purchasers. The highest level verification is that the holder personally appears before a notary public to have a digital ID application notarized of digital document evidence after converting into paper base form. Once a person's identity has been verified, the certificate is created using public key encryption techniques, which makes it independently verifiable by the recipient and Immune from tampering it.
Providing evidence of record Under clause (a), (b) (c) (d) subsection 2 of section 114 of Income tax Ordinance 2001 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding providing evidence of the records,
“…A return of income (a) shall be in the prescribed form; (b) shall state the information required by the form, including a declaration of the records kept by the taxpayer; (c) in the case of a person carrying on a business, shall include an income statement, balance sheet, and any other document as may be prescribed for the tax year; and (d) shall be signed by the person or the person’s representative.”
The validation of the details of any business transaction requires an ability to follow a similar audit trail as that which exists for conventional commerce. The following elements must therefore be present- access to the basic records related to a transaction must be available; and the integrity of those records must be authenticated. Taxpayers are required to keep accurate books and records , which are subject to examination by the income tax authorities in order to verify the income and expenses reported on the taxpayer's return.
“Although many taxpayers rely on computerized record keeping systems to a large extent, many transactions still originate as paper records which can be used to verify the accuracy of the electronic records. However, for taxpayers engaged in the sale of electronic goods or services, no paper records are likely to be created because customer orders are placed and fulfilled electronically and therefore the only record that exists of these transactions could be an electronic one. As all users of computers know, this creates the possibility for tax evasion and fraud because computerized records can be altered without a trace.”
The "digital notarization" has been introduced in much state. This system has been developed which are intended to make it possible to verify that electronic documents and records have not been altered. Public key encryption scientific technique also permits a taxpayer to encrypt his financial records to prevent their examination on audit for evasion of taxation . It would seem that this should be treated no differently from failing to keep or destroying e-records because it is possible to alter or destroy it within fraction of time. Even taxpayers engaged in the sale of physical, as opposed to electronic, goods may soon receive orders and issue invoices electronically. Electronic "documents" must be verifiable by scientific legal authorities in order to minimize the potential for tax evasion.
Getting extrinsic aid in statutory construction The following extrinsic aid can assist us to erection of the legislative construction.
Existing provisions of tax returns
There is no existing tax provision for the tax compliance of e-business of every person and company whose taxable income for the year exceeds the maximum amount that is not chargeable to tax under this Ordinance for the year ;” Like income tax returns similar tax provision are available in sale tax and also in central excise duties
Defining evidential parameters
How we can maintain record and production of record can be placed before the court for adjudication of taxes disputes. I recommend that such a review should be undertaken at the same time as the review of return filing obligations. I also consider that if record-keeping requirements are increased, taxpayers should receive some education on the necessity for those requirements. To help in this matter, that is also noted that it would be eminently worthwhile to encourage taxpayers on their own initiative to maintain e-record relevant information considered by them in adopting a particular tax position.
Proposals for legislative construction
I recommends that section 114 of income tax ordinance 2001 and section 26 of sale tax act 1990, which states that taxpayers must disclose to the Commissioner in a timely and useful way all information required to be disclosed under the tax laws, should be amended to identify the different categories of required disclosures: information specifically required by statute, information required by the department in a prescribed form, and information requested by the department from specific taxpayers.
Generally, apart from required disclosures, taxpayers are not obliged to disclose information, but anything that is disclosed must not be misleading. Sanctions may be imposed for deliberately misleading disclosures, and taxpayers open themselves up to the risk that a deliberately misleading disclosure could suggest tax evasion on their part. Intent to evade may also be inferred from a failure to disclose relevant information regarding e-commerce transaction to the tax authorities. The risk also arises that defaults of this nature may preclude the application of a time bar.
E- filing of tax returns
No online e-filing of the tax return has yet been introduced in Pakistan. This modern device are used to encourage e-filing of tax returns in other words online tax returns but there are many problems are associated with e-filing of the tax returns. The electronic filing of the tax returns provide room for unauthorized users and unknown person filing of tax returns and attachment of documents as evidence often create more problems instead of increasing tax compliance turn over of the taxpayers.
Even for required disclosures, some real issues arise, including the way in which the obligations to disclose are affected by e-filing procedures, and the use of e-filing under self-assessment. It is sufficient that the information is on the taxpayer’s own files and available for examination by the department. This acceptance leaves open, however, whether, and to what extent, availability must be within a reasonable proximity to the taxpayer’s own tax-file. Clearly, that taxpayers and their advisers consider they may have to act in this way is unsatisfactory, as it defeats the benefits in efficiency contemplated by self assessment-filing.
Amending tax Statutes
My recommendations are that the phrase ‘prescribed form’ defined in sale tax, need further strict construction by additional statutory clauses defining the types of prescribed forms that have been made available for the taxpayer for filing of their tax returns. The similar strict construction of statute is required in Income Tax Ordinance 2001 by specifically defining the methods of filing returns.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Adil_Waseem
For income tax, under section 26 of sale tax act 1990 and 114 of income tax ordinance 2001, the departments requires a complete statement of the taxable income of the taxpayer for the preceding year, together with such other particulars as may be prescribed. The department’s disclosure expectations cover any requirements set out in a particular tax return, in the guide accompanying a particular tax return, or matters for which a specific disclosure form is prescribed. In the area of tax returns and compliance, electronic commerce has created new variations on old legal issues as well as new categories of legal issues. These developments require that practical techniques be employed to deal with these technological innovations. These technological developments touch on a wide range of legal issues affecting the filing of tax returns to audit selection.
The filing of tax return of e-business and furnishing evidence Electronic commerce is still developing and no electronic money system has yet achieved widespread usage. Nevertheless, it is important to consider these issues now since some issues may require that the needs of filing and providing of tax returns be considered tax returns of electronic commerce be modernized while electronic commerce systems are still under development, and related issues of the filing of tax return of e-business and furnishing evidence be also taken into consideration. Electronic commerce on the web can actually facilitate compliance with consumer disclosure requirements.
Identity of person liable to file returns A New Yorker cartoon once published two dogs sitting in front of a computer with a symbol on the Internet; nobody knows rather they are a dog or any other creature. Tax administrators face a similar issue. Under clause (a) subsection 1 of section 114 of Income tax Ordinance 2001 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the tax return,“…subject to this Ordinance, the following persons are required to furnish a return of income for a tax year, namely (a)Every company and any other person whose taxable income for the year exceeds the maximum amount that is not chargeable to tax under this Ordinance for the year;”
Similar type of tax provision is available in section 26 of Sale Tax Act 1990 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the monthly tax return,“…Every registered person shall furnish not later than the due date a true and correct return in the prescribed form to a designated bank specified by the Board, indicating the purchases and the supplies made during a tax period, the tax due and paid and such other information, as may be prescribed”
Under section 26AA of Sale Tax Act 1990 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding filing of the Retail tax return, “…Every person required to pay turnover tax shall furnish a true and correct return in the prescribed form to the Office of the Collector having jurisdiction indicating the value of supplies made in tax period, the tax paid and such other information as may be prescribed.”
Identification of the parties to a transaction is a necessary first step in determining what the tax liability is for the transaction and who is liable for any tax payable. In relation to e-commerce, special difficulties are encountered. Where any business transaction is done through an e-page, the tax authorities must be technological capable enough to link the website with the "real world" physical parties behind it. An e-page can easily conceal the true identity of the person benefiting from any business it does.
On the Internet it is too easy to use a false identity and it is not currently feasible for tax authorities to independently verify a party's identity. This raises a number of legal issues because the identity of counterparty is important for numerous tax provisions. Similarly, unless tax administrations actively look for signs that existing businesses are involved in e-commerce the existence of a website and parties to transaction could remain undetected. Furthermore, websites can quite easily be set up offshore or offshore websites can "front" onshore business. It is imperative for CBR to encourage voluntary disclosure of websites used as part of the selling and, possibly, distribution functions of a business. As a modest first step, tax forms will need to be changed to ask about e-commerce and to get information about browsing address of e-page of any business selling on the internet.
Finally, how the tax returns and other documents are to be attached as provided in tax provisions, I have disclosed this issue in chapter on “e-record and booking keeping”. Electronic cash and bank secrecy The developments in electronic payment systems have the potential to create "electronic money." Electronic money is a broad term, and just as electronic money systems differ in their technical features and it is also differ in the extent to which they create legal issues for tax returns. Depending on the type of system used, electronic money can caused various obstacles in way of compliance and it has an advantage or a disadvantage for collection of taxation. The use of electronic cash as a means of transacting internet business has been legalized by various state as an acceptable alternative to credit card payments.
“The use of digital or electronic cash in e-commerce transactions could lead to difficulties for Revenue auditors. Revenue auditors have traditionally had to grapple with the lack of controls associated with the cash economy. The increasing sophistication of business transactions and the development of a variety of payment methods have meant that cash payments have become a diminishing feature of business transactions.” The electronic money poses serious threat to a tax evasion potential comparative to that created by paper money. This raises the issue of whether the evasion potential is manageable and what must be done to manage it. It is possible that the techniques that have been developed over time to combat tax evasion using paper money may not be workable combat evasion through electronic money. The Electronic money has made easy to deposit unreported income in a bank or other financial institution with fraction of time.
As a result of electronic money's facility in transmitting large amounts of money with relative ease across the border, combined with the continued use of e-cash, the legal issues of an underground and unaccounted economy is likely to be exacerbated. Electronic money and the Internet substantially has increased the opportunities to open bank accounts, letterbox companies and trust accounts can be established abroad with relative ease and safety, and money can be transmitted anonymously. Such accounts are, of course, causing providing opportunity for tax evasion of home state by taking harbor in zero tax states.
Verification of identity and attached documents Verification of identity is also a problem for tax authorities, who want to be assured that the persons with whom they do business are who they claim to be . As a result, companies engaged in electronic commerce are developing "digital certificates" or "digital IDs" that can be used to verify a person's identity over the Internet ; and “Digital certificates" are issued by a trusted legal intermediary authorities who verifies the identity and documents of a tax payer and performs appropriate background checks, depending on the level of assurance to be granted. The simplest level verification granted by these is that an e-mail message was sent from an indicated address. The next level verifies the digital ID holder through online identity verification against a consumer database when time and place of e-transaction conducted by purchasers. The highest level verification is that the holder personally appears before a notary public to have a digital ID application notarized of digital document evidence after converting into paper base form. Once a person's identity has been verified, the certificate is created using public key encryption techniques, which makes it independently verifiable by the recipient and Immune from tampering it.
Providing evidence of record Under clause (a), (b) (c) (d) subsection 2 of section 114 of Income tax Ordinance 2001 has make it obligatory on every person and company regarding providing evidence of the records,
“…A return of income (a) shall be in the prescribed form; (b) shall state the information required by the form, including a declaration of the records kept by the taxpayer; (c) in the case of a person carrying on a business, shall include an income statement, balance sheet, and any other document as may be prescribed for the tax year; and (d) shall be signed by the person or the person’s representative.”
The validation of the details of any business transaction requires an ability to follow a similar audit trail as that which exists for conventional commerce. The following elements must therefore be present- access to the basic records related to a transaction must be available; and the integrity of those records must be authenticated. Taxpayers are required to keep accurate books and records , which are subject to examination by the income tax authorities in order to verify the income and expenses reported on the taxpayer's return.
“Although many taxpayers rely on computerized record keeping systems to a large extent, many transactions still originate as paper records which can be used to verify the accuracy of the electronic records. However, for taxpayers engaged in the sale of electronic goods or services, no paper records are likely to be created because customer orders are placed and fulfilled electronically and therefore the only record that exists of these transactions could be an electronic one. As all users of computers know, this creates the possibility for tax evasion and fraud because computerized records can be altered without a trace.”
The "digital notarization" has been introduced in much state. This system has been developed which are intended to make it possible to verify that electronic documents and records have not been altered. Public key encryption scientific technique also permits a taxpayer to encrypt his financial records to prevent their examination on audit for evasion of taxation . It would seem that this should be treated no differently from failing to keep or destroying e-records because it is possible to alter or destroy it within fraction of time. Even taxpayers engaged in the sale of physical, as opposed to electronic, goods may soon receive orders and issue invoices electronically. Electronic "documents" must be verifiable by scientific legal authorities in order to minimize the potential for tax evasion.
Getting extrinsic aid in statutory construction The following extrinsic aid can assist us to erection of the legislative construction.
Existing provisions of tax returns
There is no existing tax provision for the tax compliance of e-business of every person and company whose taxable income for the year exceeds the maximum amount that is not chargeable to tax under this Ordinance for the year ;” Like income tax returns similar tax provision are available in sale tax and also in central excise duties
Defining evidential parameters
How we can maintain record and production of record can be placed before the court for adjudication of taxes disputes. I recommend that such a review should be undertaken at the same time as the review of return filing obligations. I also consider that if record-keeping requirements are increased, taxpayers should receive some education on the necessity for those requirements. To help in this matter, that is also noted that it would be eminently worthwhile to encourage taxpayers on their own initiative to maintain e-record relevant information considered by them in adopting a particular tax position.
Proposals for legislative construction
I recommends that section 114 of income tax ordinance 2001 and section 26 of sale tax act 1990, which states that taxpayers must disclose to the Commissioner in a timely and useful way all information required to be disclosed under the tax laws, should be amended to identify the different categories of required disclosures: information specifically required by statute, information required by the department in a prescribed form, and information requested by the department from specific taxpayers.
Generally, apart from required disclosures, taxpayers are not obliged to disclose information, but anything that is disclosed must not be misleading. Sanctions may be imposed for deliberately misleading disclosures, and taxpayers open themselves up to the risk that a deliberately misleading disclosure could suggest tax evasion on their part. Intent to evade may also be inferred from a failure to disclose relevant information regarding e-commerce transaction to the tax authorities. The risk also arises that defaults of this nature may preclude the application of a time bar.
E- filing of tax returns
No online e-filing of the tax return has yet been introduced in Pakistan. This modern device are used to encourage e-filing of tax returns in other words online tax returns but there are many problems are associated with e-filing of the tax returns. The electronic filing of the tax returns provide room for unauthorized users and unknown person filing of tax returns and attachment of documents as evidence often create more problems instead of increasing tax compliance turn over of the taxpayers.
Even for required disclosures, some real issues arise, including the way in which the obligations to disclose are affected by e-filing procedures, and the use of e-filing under self-assessment. It is sufficient that the information is on the taxpayer’s own files and available for examination by the department. This acceptance leaves open, however, whether, and to what extent, availability must be within a reasonable proximity to the taxpayer’s own tax-file. Clearly, that taxpayers and their advisers consider they may have to act in this way is unsatisfactory, as it defeats the benefits in efficiency contemplated by self assessment-filing.
Amending tax Statutes
My recommendations are that the phrase ‘prescribed form’ defined in sale tax, need further strict construction by additional statutory clauses defining the types of prescribed forms that have been made available for the taxpayer for filing of their tax returns. The similar strict construction of statute is required in Income Tax Ordinance 2001 by specifically defining the methods of filing returns.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Adil_Waseem
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)