DVDs continue to be the prominent medium for home theater entertainment. The technology is being refined and improved upon by a number of manufacturers, making its future slightly uncertain though it is definitely clear that it will continue is one format or another. Many of you have probably been hearing about Blu-ray and HD-DVD discs and their path as the next generation of DVDs. The discrepancies between the two are confusing many home theater buyers, so its important to know just what each of these new technologies has to offer so that you can make an informed decision on what to purchase and when.
Lets start by discussing just what Blu-ray is. Chances are, if youve stepped into any of the leading home theater and electronics stores in the country, youve seen Blu-ray discs advertised in the DVD section. In truth, Blu-ray discs are somewhat like traditional DVDs, except that they have the ability to record, rewrite, and playback high definition (HD) video that is compatible with the growing number of HD televisions finding their way into home theaters every year. Unlike traditional DVDs, Blu-ray discs can hold nearly five times as much data. On a single layer disc, they can hold 25GB of data, and 50GB can be stored on a dual layer disc. By being able to hold so much more, Blu-ray discs are able to easily store the advanced information necessary to provide content in HD format.
HD-DVD offers the same technology, though it isnt able to hold as much information as Blu-ray. Developed by Toshiba and NEC, it is able to hold three times as much data as traditional DVDs. While this may be less than Blu-ray, the data capacity of HD-DVDs still exceeds the amount needed to watch major blockbusters in high-definition. HD-DVD also came out much sooner and was first quoted to be the successor to the standard DVD format. HD-DVD is completely compatible with HD-DVD players, which in turn are compatible with HD televisions. High definition technology is certainly the wave of the future for home entertainment, and HD-DVD was the first disc technology formatted for it.
Both Blu-ray and HD-DVD discs use a new form of laser that improves on what the standard DVD used. While older, standard DVD models used a red laser to transfer content from disc to player to screen, these two technologies use a blue-violet laser instead. The main benefit with using blue-violet lasers is that they have a shorter wavelength than red lasers. This means that they can be focused with a much higher rate of accuracy.
As you can see the differences between these two formats are very few, In short, Blu-ray is able to hold more information than HD-DVD, but HD-DVD has been around for much longer and still holds an adequate amount for any applications currently in the market. Both formats use blue-violet lasers to better read the information.
The biggest question right now is which format will end up on top. Blu-ray has the added advantage of being backed up by some major players in the movie business. Seven of the eight major Hollywood movie studios have released films in Blu-ray format recently, while five of them are releasing films exclusively on Blu-ray. HD-DVD has the backing of several major consumer electronics manufacturers but does have some ground to make up with the production companies. However, with the added experience of being in production longer and having consumers more familiar with the name, its very possible for them to pull ahead. The race to be the top home entertainment format will continue on and the consumer will simply need to wait to see which one wins. In the meantime, players are available for both formats and some manufacturers have players that satisfy both formats available.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Blu-Ray--How-HD-DVD-and-Blu-ray-Differ/58950
Thursday, October 4, 2007
Advantages Of Mp4 Player Over Mp3
Mp3 audio format became available back in 1993. Shortly after it became the standard internet audio format, and it is still very much used world wide. Recently another format has been introduced, the mp4 audio-video format which allows video capability, so that users can watch movies, TV shows, music videos along with mp3 songs.
As the industry of mp4 player devices evolved, more features such as fm tuner, voice recorder, email, internet browser capability and others were added to mp4 devices, making them a desired product among electronic users.
Differences between mp4 and mp3 format, relies basically that mp4 devices holds both audio and video files. As for the mp3 it only holds the audio type file. So, one could think of mp4 as being the next step in this evolution file format that started with mp3.
Due to the capability of delivering audio and video at the same time, mp4 devices can offer a wide range of interesting features, such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, video and music download, bluetooth wireless technology, digital camera and others. Also game capability and multiple language options are features that made mp4 devices so popular. Other features, such as voice recording, enabled mp4 devices to be used for professional purposes, besides entertainment.
Another important mp4 feature is the storage capacity, that can start from 256 mega bites up to 40, 60 and up giga bites. Usually a small hard disk unit is used to hold several giga bites of data. For smaller storages, an internal electronic flash memory may be used.
As a music player device, mp4 may offer a 7-band equalizer which will allow the user to change the sound category according to the music style. These sound categories are Pop, Jazz, Rock, Soft, Classic and DBB. Also mp4 player device will support various format files such as Mp3, AMV, ASF, WAV, WMA, WMV and others. As far as the supporting video formats are concerned this device proves to be able to convert file in the AVI, MPEG, Windows media format into the AMV thru the use of software.
Since mp4 devices is compact, it is safe to say that its small size, light weight and good user interface menu, make this device portable, easy to control and access no matter where one can be.
As mp4 format became more popular, several internet audio-video download sites started to offer services, so that mp4 users can download their favorite music or video at affordable prices. There are sites that offer music file download for only 99 cents each, and one has to only pick his favorite song, not the entire album.
Also available in these internet sites are files called Podcasts, which includes information programs, news broadcasts, comedy and entertainment programs. Podcasting is quickly becoming a buzz word among the techie crowd. So what is podcasting, anyway Podcasting is online audio and video content that is delivered via an RSS feed. Although Podcasting is new, it should become a mainstream communication medium in the near future.
Being basically a container, mp4 player devices are able to provide multimedia solutions with its audio-video file format. Because of that mp4 players became very popular and as it becomes more sophisticated with new features being added in new models, people become more eager to own these device players. After all most electronic consumers do have a wish to keep up with modern time.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Advantages-Of-Mp4-Player-Over-Mp3/40657
As the industry of mp4 player devices evolved, more features such as fm tuner, voice recorder, email, internet browser capability and others were added to mp4 devices, making them a desired product among electronic users.
Differences between mp4 and mp3 format, relies basically that mp4 devices holds both audio and video files. As for the mp3 it only holds the audio type file. So, one could think of mp4 as being the next step in this evolution file format that started with mp3.
Due to the capability of delivering audio and video at the same time, mp4 devices can offer a wide range of interesting features, such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, video and music download, bluetooth wireless technology, digital camera and others. Also game capability and multiple language options are features that made mp4 devices so popular. Other features, such as voice recording, enabled mp4 devices to be used for professional purposes, besides entertainment.
Another important mp4 feature is the storage capacity, that can start from 256 mega bites up to 40, 60 and up giga bites. Usually a small hard disk unit is used to hold several giga bites of data. For smaller storages, an internal electronic flash memory may be used.
As a music player device, mp4 may offer a 7-band equalizer which will allow the user to change the sound category according to the music style. These sound categories are Pop, Jazz, Rock, Soft, Classic and DBB. Also mp4 player device will support various format files such as Mp3, AMV, ASF, WAV, WMA, WMV and others. As far as the supporting video formats are concerned this device proves to be able to convert file in the AVI, MPEG, Windows media format into the AMV thru the use of software.
Since mp4 devices is compact, it is safe to say that its small size, light weight and good user interface menu, make this device portable, easy to control and access no matter where one can be.
As mp4 format became more popular, several internet audio-video download sites started to offer services, so that mp4 users can download their favorite music or video at affordable prices. There are sites that offer music file download for only 99 cents each, and one has to only pick his favorite song, not the entire album.
Also available in these internet sites are files called Podcasts, which includes information programs, news broadcasts, comedy and entertainment programs. Podcasting is quickly becoming a buzz word among the techie crowd. So what is podcasting, anyway Podcasting is online audio and video content that is delivered via an RSS feed. Although Podcasting is new, it should become a mainstream communication medium in the near future.
Being basically a container, mp4 player devices are able to provide multimedia solutions with its audio-video file format. Because of that mp4 players became very popular and as it becomes more sophisticated with new features being added in new models, people become more eager to own these device players. After all most electronic consumers do have a wish to keep up with modern time.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Advantages-Of-Mp4-Player-Over-Mp3/40657
Important Facts About Mp3 And Mp4 Players
Mpeg-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as mp3, is a popular digital audio encoding format. A device that is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording, by retaining the sound from the original uncompressed state. Mp3 is an audio-specific compression format. By compressing, certain sounds that cannot be heard by the listener outside the normal human hearing range, are removed. This makes the sound clearly audible to the listener.
The mp3 players have changed the evolution of music. The good old records, eight-track tapes, cassette tapes and CDs no doubt gave the music lovers a good time but none of these earlier music formats provided the convenience and control that mp3 players provide. It is as convenient as keeping it in your hand or pocketing it. You can create personalized music lists and carry thousands of songs wherever you go. Mp3 players are offered in different shapes and sizes.
For those who want to be with the time by possessing the latest gadgets or be the first ones to have them, here is a list of some popular mp3 player brands: Apple, Archos, Creative, Olympus, RCA, Rio, Samsung, SanDisk, Sony and iRiver. Most of these have good amount of storage capacity, screen size, compatable to Apple MacOS X 10.3.4 or later, Microsoft Windows XP SP2 or later, Microsoft Windows 2000 SP4 or later.
Mpeg-4 Part 14, a multimedia container format commonly known as Mpeg-4. It is a device that stores digital audio and digital video streams, especially those defined by mpeg. Subtitles and still images are also stored. Mpeg-4 Part 14 allows streaming over the Internet. The filename extension for Mpeg-4 Part 14 files is .mp4, thus the name mp4. Devices that play .mp4 files are referred to as mp4 players.
The evolution of mp4 player devices has lead to providing more features such as fm tuner, voice recorder, email, and Internet browser capability. As it is capable of delivering audio and video at the same time, mp4 devices can offer a wide range of interesting features, such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, video and music download, Bluetooth wireless technology, digital camera and others. Not to forget the game capability, voice recording and multiple language options. The storage capacity is amazing which can start from 256 mega bites up to 40, 60 and up giga bites.
Mp4 is the next step in the evolution of music after mp3. The difference between mp4 and mp3 formats is that, mp4 devices hold both audio and video files. As for the mp3 it only holds the audio type file.
iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple. The iPod name has become synonymous with mp3 or mp4 players as it is the most popular brand and holds the biggest share of the market. Devices in the iPod range are primarily digital audio players. These devices can be used to store an entire music library. This is not all, it can also be used to view and transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to the models that support them.
With PDA-like functionality, text files can be displayed, while contacts and schedules can be viewed and synchronized with the host computer. It comes with built-in games like Brick, Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz. It is condensed, brawny and frivolous, and is easy enough to carry along in your palm, in your pocket, or purse.
The storage capacity varies from 512 mb to 80+ gb. It has a powerful 60 mw amplifier so it can deliver audio as loud as you want. It also has a 20 MZ to 20 khz frequency responses. This means, you can hear distortion free music at the least pitches. iPod is a very handy mp3 mp4 player indeed!
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Important-Facts-About-Mp3-And-Mp4-Players/42252
The mp3 players have changed the evolution of music. The good old records, eight-track tapes, cassette tapes and CDs no doubt gave the music lovers a good time but none of these earlier music formats provided the convenience and control that mp3 players provide. It is as convenient as keeping it in your hand or pocketing it. You can create personalized music lists and carry thousands of songs wherever you go. Mp3 players are offered in different shapes and sizes.
For those who want to be with the time by possessing the latest gadgets or be the first ones to have them, here is a list of some popular mp3 player brands: Apple, Archos, Creative, Olympus, RCA, Rio, Samsung, SanDisk, Sony and iRiver. Most of these have good amount of storage capacity, screen size, compatable to Apple MacOS X 10.3.4 or later, Microsoft Windows XP SP2 or later, Microsoft Windows 2000 SP4 or later.
Mpeg-4 Part 14, a multimedia container format commonly known as Mpeg-4. It is a device that stores digital audio and digital video streams, especially those defined by mpeg. Subtitles and still images are also stored. Mpeg-4 Part 14 allows streaming over the Internet. The filename extension for Mpeg-4 Part 14 files is .mp4, thus the name mp4. Devices that play .mp4 files are referred to as mp4 players.
The evolution of mp4 player devices has lead to providing more features such as fm tuner, voice recorder, email, and Internet browser capability. As it is capable of delivering audio and video at the same time, mp4 devices can offer a wide range of interesting features, such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, video and music download, Bluetooth wireless technology, digital camera and others. Not to forget the game capability, voice recording and multiple language options. The storage capacity is amazing which can start from 256 mega bites up to 40, 60 and up giga bites.
Mp4 is the next step in the evolution of music after mp3. The difference between mp4 and mp3 formats is that, mp4 devices hold both audio and video files. As for the mp3 it only holds the audio type file.
iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple. The iPod name has become synonymous with mp3 or mp4 players as it is the most popular brand and holds the biggest share of the market. Devices in the iPod range are primarily digital audio players. These devices can be used to store an entire music library. This is not all, it can also be used to view and transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to the models that support them.
With PDA-like functionality, text files can be displayed, while contacts and schedules can be viewed and synchronized with the host computer. It comes with built-in games like Brick, Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz. It is condensed, brawny and frivolous, and is easy enough to carry along in your palm, in your pocket, or purse.
The storage capacity varies from 512 mb to 80+ gb. It has a powerful 60 mw amplifier so it can deliver audio as loud as you want. It also has a 20 MZ to 20 khz frequency responses. This means, you can hear distortion free music at the least pitches. iPod is a very handy mp3 mp4 player indeed!
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Important-Facts-About-Mp3-And-Mp4-Players/42252
Do You Own An Mp3 Mp4 Player
Traveling to your office, doing household chores, driving your car, working on the computer, or at any other place, people are hooked on to their MP3 and MP4 music and video players. If you are traveling in an airplane or a bus you will find over 50% of the people having small headphones stuck into their ears.
What has made these small devices enter our lives so quickly that everybody, young or old, is now hooked on to it MP3 music format, first introduced in 1993, started the era of compressed internet audio format. With the advent of broadband connectivity people freely uploaded and downloaded music from the web. This gave rise to pocket MP3 players.
There are two types of MP3 players or digital audio devices: flash-based players and digital hard drive-based players. Flash-based players hold files in the internal memory or external memory cards, and so they can hold up to 8 GB of files. While the hard drive-based players can connect to a hard drive that can hold up to 160 GB of audio and video files based on the hard drive technology. This means that you can store your entire music collection in your pocket!
MP3 players became very popular with the introduction of iPod, a convenient MP3 player with long battery life and storage space. The best part was that iPod can be connected to your computer and you can transfer your music directly from it. You can even make play lists, favorite folders, and arrange your files in many ways according to your convenience. Being among the pioneers, the iPod brand name has become synonymous with MP3 or MP4 digital players.
MP3 players are so well-liked that people have found many other uses for it. The most popular use is for podcasting. Podcasting lets the user automatically download radio-like programs, or TV-like video feeds, and other audio inputs, etc., directly from the net into the device. These could be downloaded and played at the owners` convenience.
MP4 players are even more advanced. They can play audio as well as video files. Apart from the MP3 and MP4 formats these players have capability to play WMA/PlaysForSure (from Microsoft), AAC (from Apple) and ATRAC (from Sony), AVI, ATV, ACT, SMV, MPEG4, MTV, DMV, MPV and AMV, etc.
Most MP4 players can also open in JPEG and GIF formats. They play videos in AMV or MTV formats that are converted easily through conversion software from other popular formats. These MP4 players also support plain text viewer (ASCII format) so that you can read e-books. A lot of enhancements like FM radio player, phone books, camera and voice recorders, video games, etc. are also coming today to make it a complete digital device.
There are many brands available in the portable audio/video player market but the market leader is Apple iPod. All major brands like Sony, Panasonic, Philips, Olympus, etc., have made their own versions of MP3 and MP4 players. These players are available in various shapes, sizes, colors, storage space, battery life, and more.
If you are looking to buy an MP3 or MP4 player check for all the features mentioned above. The most important attribute is the battery life as these portable players are mostly used on the move, so it would be difficult to charge them. iPod boasts the highest battery life among all other players. There are a lot of accessories that you can purchase along with your MP3 or MP4 player. Though all the brands provide headphones along with the player, it`s a good idea to buy the ones that you like.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Do-You-Own-An-Mp3-Mp4-Player/42427
What has made these small devices enter our lives so quickly that everybody, young or old, is now hooked on to it MP3 music format, first introduced in 1993, started the era of compressed internet audio format. With the advent of broadband connectivity people freely uploaded and downloaded music from the web. This gave rise to pocket MP3 players.
There are two types of MP3 players or digital audio devices: flash-based players and digital hard drive-based players. Flash-based players hold files in the internal memory or external memory cards, and so they can hold up to 8 GB of files. While the hard drive-based players can connect to a hard drive that can hold up to 160 GB of audio and video files based on the hard drive technology. This means that you can store your entire music collection in your pocket!
MP3 players became very popular with the introduction of iPod, a convenient MP3 player with long battery life and storage space. The best part was that iPod can be connected to your computer and you can transfer your music directly from it. You can even make play lists, favorite folders, and arrange your files in many ways according to your convenience. Being among the pioneers, the iPod brand name has become synonymous with MP3 or MP4 digital players.
MP3 players are so well-liked that people have found many other uses for it. The most popular use is for podcasting. Podcasting lets the user automatically download radio-like programs, or TV-like video feeds, and other audio inputs, etc., directly from the net into the device. These could be downloaded and played at the owners` convenience.
MP4 players are even more advanced. They can play audio as well as video files. Apart from the MP3 and MP4 formats these players have capability to play WMA/PlaysForSure (from Microsoft), AAC (from Apple) and ATRAC (from Sony), AVI, ATV, ACT, SMV, MPEG4, MTV, DMV, MPV and AMV, etc.
Most MP4 players can also open in JPEG and GIF formats. They play videos in AMV or MTV formats that are converted easily through conversion software from other popular formats. These MP4 players also support plain text viewer (ASCII format) so that you can read e-books. A lot of enhancements like FM radio player, phone books, camera and voice recorders, video games, etc. are also coming today to make it a complete digital device.
There are many brands available in the portable audio/video player market but the market leader is Apple iPod. All major brands like Sony, Panasonic, Philips, Olympus, etc., have made their own versions of MP3 and MP4 players. These players are available in various shapes, sizes, colors, storage space, battery life, and more.
If you are looking to buy an MP3 or MP4 player check for all the features mentioned above. The most important attribute is the battery life as these portable players are mostly used on the move, so it would be difficult to charge them. iPod boasts the highest battery life among all other players. There are a lot of accessories that you can purchase along with your MP3 or MP4 player. Though all the brands provide headphones along with the player, it`s a good idea to buy the ones that you like.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Do-You-Own-An-Mp3-Mp4-Player/42427
The importance of using partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators.
Partial discharge is the name given to an electrical phenomenon which consists in the breakdown of an electrical insulation under high voltage levels. If partial discharge occurs and passes undetected it may have very serous consequences. The key to preventing any possible problem is early detection. Preventive measurements and analysis can help you avoid hazardous breakdowns. Purchase the best partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators at elec-di.com.
Partial discharge is a very common phenomenon nowadays and the main reason why it occurs is the aging insulation. Under high voltage levels, the electrical insulation is very likely to suffer a breakdown. When this breakdown occurs, the consequences can be catastrophic. The electric equipment is usually destroyed after such an occurrence and the financial losses are immense. Therefore, thorough monitoring can save you a lot of time and money along the way. Measurement and detection equipment such as partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators can help you prevent unwanted situations.
There are various sources from which a partial discharge phenomenon can commence. For instance, the source of the occurrence can be a connected cable or transformer. Determining the exact source of the phenomenon is crucial because it allows corrective measures to be taken immediately. One commonly utilized method is using detection coils at the cables ends which allow the accurate detection of the trouble area. The data obtained with the help of measurements is usually processed immediately, on location. The most reliable interpretation of the gathered data is the one made by a specialist, as partial discharge signals can be very confusing to an inexperienced interpreter. For instance, if partial discharge occurs in a resin insulated splice it can be very dangerous as opposed to a discharge which takes place in an oil insulated splice. Partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators can help you locate the problem in time and avoid serious financial losses.
Partial discharge may occur in various types of electrical equipment. For example, transformers are vulnerable to these types of occurrences and may be permanently damaged if the partial discharge is not detected in a timely fashion. Other pieces of electrical equipment, such as on-load taps, are very likely to fail because of component fatigue, misalignment, contact wear or overloading. High voltage bushings are also vulnerable to sudden breakdowns and regular bushing monitoring is highly recommended. Switchgear is another type of electrical equipment which has a tendency to fail after prolonged use. The failure usually occurs at the breaker level because of the high currents that cross through. High voltage cables are also prone to failure because they easily become deteriorated over time. In order to keep all of these pieces of electrical equipment functioning properly you should thoroughly monitor partial discharge occurrences at all times. When choosing a piece of partial discharge detecting equipment, make sure you carefully look at the product specifications so that it fits with your precise requirements. Specifications such as power input, range, memory or maximum pulse are very important. There is also a wide variety of special features to choose from, depending on the complexity of the task.
When discussing high voltage equipment you must take into consideration the possibility of a breakdown caused by partial discharge. The phenomenon is very common in aged high voltage equipment and flawed insulation. If the problem is left unresolved it will propagate until the equipment is entirely destroyed. Replacing damaged equipment is very costly and can be avoided by constant and thorough partial discharge monitoring. You can find all the information you need about partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators at elec-di.com
http://www.articleco.com/Article/The-importance-of-using-partial-discharge-motors-and-partial-discharge-generators-/42603
Partial discharge is a very common phenomenon nowadays and the main reason why it occurs is the aging insulation. Under high voltage levels, the electrical insulation is very likely to suffer a breakdown. When this breakdown occurs, the consequences can be catastrophic. The electric equipment is usually destroyed after such an occurrence and the financial losses are immense. Therefore, thorough monitoring can save you a lot of time and money along the way. Measurement and detection equipment such as partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators can help you prevent unwanted situations.
There are various sources from which a partial discharge phenomenon can commence. For instance, the source of the occurrence can be a connected cable or transformer. Determining the exact source of the phenomenon is crucial because it allows corrective measures to be taken immediately. One commonly utilized method is using detection coils at the cables ends which allow the accurate detection of the trouble area. The data obtained with the help of measurements is usually processed immediately, on location. The most reliable interpretation of the gathered data is the one made by a specialist, as partial discharge signals can be very confusing to an inexperienced interpreter. For instance, if partial discharge occurs in a resin insulated splice it can be very dangerous as opposed to a discharge which takes place in an oil insulated splice. Partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators can help you locate the problem in time and avoid serious financial losses.
Partial discharge may occur in various types of electrical equipment. For example, transformers are vulnerable to these types of occurrences and may be permanently damaged if the partial discharge is not detected in a timely fashion. Other pieces of electrical equipment, such as on-load taps, are very likely to fail because of component fatigue, misalignment, contact wear or overloading. High voltage bushings are also vulnerable to sudden breakdowns and regular bushing monitoring is highly recommended. Switchgear is another type of electrical equipment which has a tendency to fail after prolonged use. The failure usually occurs at the breaker level because of the high currents that cross through. High voltage cables are also prone to failure because they easily become deteriorated over time. In order to keep all of these pieces of electrical equipment functioning properly you should thoroughly monitor partial discharge occurrences at all times. When choosing a piece of partial discharge detecting equipment, make sure you carefully look at the product specifications so that it fits with your precise requirements. Specifications such as power input, range, memory or maximum pulse are very important. There is also a wide variety of special features to choose from, depending on the complexity of the task.
When discussing high voltage equipment you must take into consideration the possibility of a breakdown caused by partial discharge. The phenomenon is very common in aged high voltage equipment and flawed insulation. If the problem is left unresolved it will propagate until the equipment is entirely destroyed. Replacing damaged equipment is very costly and can be avoided by constant and thorough partial discharge monitoring. You can find all the information you need about partial discharge motors and partial discharge generators at elec-di.com
http://www.articleco.com/Article/The-importance-of-using-partial-discharge-motors-and-partial-discharge-generators-/42603
Partial discharge analysis prevents high voltage equipment failure
The partial discharge process occurs in electrical equipment submitted to high voltage stress. It represents the dielectric breakdown of an electrical insulation and usually has a sporadic character. Because partial discharge occurs randomly and unexpectedly, regular partial discharge analysis is highly recommended with any piece of high voltage equipment. The effects of the partial discharge phenomenon can be very grave and even lead to a complete breakdown. Timely detection can help you avoid very unpleasant situations. Find out more about avoiding the extremely hazardous effects of partial discharge, with the aid of partial discharge switchgear and other devices, at elec-di.com
The partial discharge process can be very hazardous to high voltage equipment. It usually starts within cracks, voids, bubbles in liquid dielectrics or enclosures within solid dielectrics. Partial discharge within insulating materials commences in the dielectric, within gas-filled voids. In this particular situation, the partial discharge phenomenon is the result of high voltage stress across the void. Partial discharge can sometimes be relatively harmless, but in most cases its effects are devastating. For instance, discharges which take place within polymeric cables are extremely hazardous. Once partial discharge begins, it progressively deteriorates the insulating materials up to the point where it causes a complete breakdown of the equipment. Partial discharge switchgear can help you escape the devastating consequences this process may have.
Once the partial discharge process commences there is a high probability that the high voltage equipment will end up failing entirely. If you want to avoid the destruction of your electrical equipment you should use partial discharge analysis and monitoring devices. Partial discharge can also be prevented through thorough design and careful material selection. Manufacturers should use partial discharge detectors in all of the production stages. Periodical check ups are also important when trying to avoid any unpleasant surprises. If you want to make sure your high voltage equipment will function perfectly on the long run, thorough partial discharge analysis is the only reliable solution.
There are several commonly used methods of accurately detecting partial discharge. For instance, a very widespread detection method is by using a calibrator. Partial discharge current flows are usually very brief and discharges take the form of random pulses. With the help of a calibrator, the intensity of the pulses is measured against the voltages obtained from a calibration unit and is then discharged onto a measuring device. Another frequent detection method is the so-called wideband detection. In this situation, the pairing impedance consists of a small Q parallel-resonant RLC circuit which leads to a decrease in the existing voltage and an amplification of the discharge generated voltage. Other partial discharge analysis and detection methods include field testing, laboratory testing, narrow band detection or differential discharge bridge methods.
The importance of preventing complete system failure as a consequence of partial discharge occurrences has been fully acknowledged at the beginning of the past century. Electrical discharges usually occur across a portion of insulation between two conducting electrodes and lead to the so-called partial discharge phenomenon. Once the process is triggered, it can have extremely destructive consequences if left undetected. The high voltage equipment may even completely fail after such an occurrence. Using partial discharge analysis methods and devices, such as partial discharge switchgear, can help you save a lot of time and money along the way. At elec-di.com you will find a full range of products such as partial discharge switchgear to help you avoid problematic situations.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Partial-discharge-analysis-prevents-high-voltage-equipment-failure-/42608
The partial discharge process can be very hazardous to high voltage equipment. It usually starts within cracks, voids, bubbles in liquid dielectrics or enclosures within solid dielectrics. Partial discharge within insulating materials commences in the dielectric, within gas-filled voids. In this particular situation, the partial discharge phenomenon is the result of high voltage stress across the void. Partial discharge can sometimes be relatively harmless, but in most cases its effects are devastating. For instance, discharges which take place within polymeric cables are extremely hazardous. Once partial discharge begins, it progressively deteriorates the insulating materials up to the point where it causes a complete breakdown of the equipment. Partial discharge switchgear can help you escape the devastating consequences this process may have.
Once the partial discharge process commences there is a high probability that the high voltage equipment will end up failing entirely. If you want to avoid the destruction of your electrical equipment you should use partial discharge analysis and monitoring devices. Partial discharge can also be prevented through thorough design and careful material selection. Manufacturers should use partial discharge detectors in all of the production stages. Periodical check ups are also important when trying to avoid any unpleasant surprises. If you want to make sure your high voltage equipment will function perfectly on the long run, thorough partial discharge analysis is the only reliable solution.
There are several commonly used methods of accurately detecting partial discharge. For instance, a very widespread detection method is by using a calibrator. Partial discharge current flows are usually very brief and discharges take the form of random pulses. With the help of a calibrator, the intensity of the pulses is measured against the voltages obtained from a calibration unit and is then discharged onto a measuring device. Another frequent detection method is the so-called wideband detection. In this situation, the pairing impedance consists of a small Q parallel-resonant RLC circuit which leads to a decrease in the existing voltage and an amplification of the discharge generated voltage. Other partial discharge analysis and detection methods include field testing, laboratory testing, narrow band detection or differential discharge bridge methods.
The importance of preventing complete system failure as a consequence of partial discharge occurrences has been fully acknowledged at the beginning of the past century. Electrical discharges usually occur across a portion of insulation between two conducting electrodes and lead to the so-called partial discharge phenomenon. Once the process is triggered, it can have extremely destructive consequences if left undetected. The high voltage equipment may even completely fail after such an occurrence. Using partial discharge analysis methods and devices, such as partial discharge switchgear, can help you save a lot of time and money along the way. At elec-di.com you will find a full range of products such as partial discharge switchgear to help you avoid problematic situations.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Partial-discharge-analysis-prevents-high-voltage-equipment-failure-/42608
Choose The Right Mp4 Storage
An MP4 player works like an MP3 player as a container of digital data for entertainment purposes. The device is designed to record and play videos in a compact and portable way, providing hours of easily transportable and accessible entertainment. Inevitably, the storage is important for the video out put of the device. It needs to be able to contain the information, provide enough playing time, and at a high quality.
There are two types of MP4 player; the hard disc storage and the solid state memory type. The solid state is named as such because it does not contain any moving parts such as discs. Each have their pros and cons, so it important that you understand the differences before making your purchase.
Both types of MP4 player provide the same level of performance with regards to other general features. Both will store photographs, videos and music files which can either be downloaded from the internet or recorded directly. Both devices will have colour screens and both work best when the stored information is kept uncluttered. This means having clear files and storing only the required information on the device, keeping it reserved on the home computer until required. However, there are also some subtle differences that may affect your choice.
An important feature of the MP4 player is the storage capacity. The hard disc has the larger storage capacity of the two types. The hard disc can store up to 250 films, and so this is a major attraction. However, to achieve this it needs the addition of several components built in. These extra components make the hard disc device bulkier in terms of appearance and so this gives it the disadvantage of being less portable.
The solid state MP4 player stores less film, but the minimum amount is still around the hundred range. What it loses in terms of capacity, the solid state device makes up for in terms of portability. The solid state device is sleek and incredibly light in comparison to its hard disc counterpart.
Cost is also a consideration when choosing an MP4 player. The solid state version is less expensive as it does not have as much storage capacity. The quality of the images and sound on the solid state device is not as good quality as that provided by the hard disc player.
In some scenarios, the solid state music/video player does not have the capacity to play some films from the internet; in other scenarios they are played but with poorer quality. If they are not compatible, this will be stated on the website. Alternative versions can usually be found so this is not as disadvantageous as it may initially seem. Again this difference in output is down to the memory capacity and the graphics and so the higher price tag of the hard disc MP4 reflects the product performance.
The battery life is usually slightly longer with the hard disc MP4 player though not by much. The average battery time for the hard disc device averages 16 hours in total. The hard disc device battery can take up to double the time to recharge than the solid state version, which does not seem compatible with its minimal increased battery life. Neither version has any real advantage here. Both versions of the MP4 player are excellent entertainment devices, and whichever chosen is bound to please the owner.
The purchaser simply needs to decide their budget, and whether the MP4 player of their choice needs to have a huge array of films stored or be more compact and portable, needs higher quality graphics or whether standard quality is sufficient.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Choose-The-Right-Mp4-Storage/43655
There are two types of MP4 player; the hard disc storage and the solid state memory type. The solid state is named as such because it does not contain any moving parts such as discs. Each have their pros and cons, so it important that you understand the differences before making your purchase.
Both types of MP4 player provide the same level of performance with regards to other general features. Both will store photographs, videos and music files which can either be downloaded from the internet or recorded directly. Both devices will have colour screens and both work best when the stored information is kept uncluttered. This means having clear files and storing only the required information on the device, keeping it reserved on the home computer until required. However, there are also some subtle differences that may affect your choice.
An important feature of the MP4 player is the storage capacity. The hard disc has the larger storage capacity of the two types. The hard disc can store up to 250 films, and so this is a major attraction. However, to achieve this it needs the addition of several components built in. These extra components make the hard disc device bulkier in terms of appearance and so this gives it the disadvantage of being less portable.
The solid state MP4 player stores less film, but the minimum amount is still around the hundred range. What it loses in terms of capacity, the solid state device makes up for in terms of portability. The solid state device is sleek and incredibly light in comparison to its hard disc counterpart.
Cost is also a consideration when choosing an MP4 player. The solid state version is less expensive as it does not have as much storage capacity. The quality of the images and sound on the solid state device is not as good quality as that provided by the hard disc player.
In some scenarios, the solid state music/video player does not have the capacity to play some films from the internet; in other scenarios they are played but with poorer quality. If they are not compatible, this will be stated on the website. Alternative versions can usually be found so this is not as disadvantageous as it may initially seem. Again this difference in output is down to the memory capacity and the graphics and so the higher price tag of the hard disc MP4 reflects the product performance.
The battery life is usually slightly longer with the hard disc MP4 player though not by much. The average battery time for the hard disc device averages 16 hours in total. The hard disc device battery can take up to double the time to recharge than the solid state version, which does not seem compatible with its minimal increased battery life. Neither version has any real advantage here. Both versions of the MP4 player are excellent entertainment devices, and whichever chosen is bound to please the owner.
The purchaser simply needs to decide their budget, and whether the MP4 player of their choice needs to have a huge array of films stored or be more compact and portable, needs higher quality graphics or whether standard quality is sufficient.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Choose-The-Right-Mp4-Storage/43655
From Transistors to Liquid Crystal Milestones in Sony Televisions
The Sony Corporation, a global powerhouse in the entertainment electronics industry, has become a household name when it comes to television. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, this company is a leading researcher, developer, and manufacturer of semiconductors, electronics, communication products, videos and video games, and information technology for the consumer and professional developer industries. The multinational company is employer to 158,500 people, and it reported consolidated annual sales revenue of $67 billion in 2005. After the development of the worlds most successful transistor radio, the manufacture of the TV became the benchmark of quality TV sets. Lets follow traverse from transistors to liquid crystal.
In 1955, Sony, then known as the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, introduced the TR 55 to the world. Small enough to fit in a coat pocket, their first transistor radio became the model for future portable music machines that American teenagers would use to listen to the growing phenomenon of American rock and roll.
From transistors, they began its venture into liquid crystal in the 1960s. The company received a patent for the invention of the aperture grille cathode ray tube TV in 1963. In aperture grille technology, very thin vertical wires behind the glass of the televisions display screen are used to separate different colors of phosphors into strips. For nearly thirty decades quite a long time when speaking of technology aperture grille technology provided consumers and TV manufacturers with the best screen image. This milestone in the Television dynasty was branded the Trinitron.
When it came to picture and product quality, their television was long seen as a benchmark. The patented aperture grille design produced bright colors, high contrast, and balanced focus that stood out from other available products. Aperture grille design was also easier to manufacture than TV tube products, bringing about a change in the TV production process. These factors combined to make the brand top of the products.
Since patent for the aperture grille technology expired in the 1990s, a number of other producers of televisions, such as Samsung and Mitsubishi, have incorporated the Trinitron technology into their own products. Additionally, their branded computer monitors, are a widely distributed item. Most of the major computer makers, including Apple Computer, Dell, DEC, Gateway, IBM, and Sun Microsystems, feature the logo in the upper left hand corner.
Like any strong technology competitor, the company moved on as the new era ended with the introduction of gas plasma and liquid crystal display monitors and televisions. After thirty decades of CRT dominance, the LCD and gas plasma technology are thought to have better picture quality. To keep up with the times, company created a flat screen version of the picture tube in the 1990s. The design, a new flat picture tube called FDTrinitron, is described on their website as delivering incredible imagine accuracy, wide viewing angles, outstanding contrast, and corner to corner detail. Now, Sony now also produces high definition digital TV with the patented Live Color Creation backlight system. This along with their surround sound systems provide todays consumers with the latest in high technology home theaters.
Companys progression from transistor radios to liquid crystal models the way successful companies operate: incubate a new idea, develop and patent it, license it to other manufacturers, and then start the cycle again. The Trinitron brand, with cathode ray tube technology and the latest flat tube allow the company to remain a benchmark in the home television industry. Its LCD flat screen televisions, along with its entire home entertainment line, are sure to continue pleasing consumers long into the future.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/From-Transistors-to-Liquid-Crystal-Milestones-in-Sony-Televisions/44288
In 1955, Sony, then known as the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, introduced the TR 55 to the world. Small enough to fit in a coat pocket, their first transistor radio became the model for future portable music machines that American teenagers would use to listen to the growing phenomenon of American rock and roll.
From transistors, they began its venture into liquid crystal in the 1960s. The company received a patent for the invention of the aperture grille cathode ray tube TV in 1963. In aperture grille technology, very thin vertical wires behind the glass of the televisions display screen are used to separate different colors of phosphors into strips. For nearly thirty decades quite a long time when speaking of technology aperture grille technology provided consumers and TV manufacturers with the best screen image. This milestone in the Television dynasty was branded the Trinitron.
When it came to picture and product quality, their television was long seen as a benchmark. The patented aperture grille design produced bright colors, high contrast, and balanced focus that stood out from other available products. Aperture grille design was also easier to manufacture than TV tube products, bringing about a change in the TV production process. These factors combined to make the brand top of the products.
Since patent for the aperture grille technology expired in the 1990s, a number of other producers of televisions, such as Samsung and Mitsubishi, have incorporated the Trinitron technology into their own products. Additionally, their branded computer monitors, are a widely distributed item. Most of the major computer makers, including Apple Computer, Dell, DEC, Gateway, IBM, and Sun Microsystems, feature the logo in the upper left hand corner.
Like any strong technology competitor, the company moved on as the new era ended with the introduction of gas plasma and liquid crystal display monitors and televisions. After thirty decades of CRT dominance, the LCD and gas plasma technology are thought to have better picture quality. To keep up with the times, company created a flat screen version of the picture tube in the 1990s. The design, a new flat picture tube called FDTrinitron, is described on their website as delivering incredible imagine accuracy, wide viewing angles, outstanding contrast, and corner to corner detail. Now, Sony now also produces high definition digital TV with the patented Live Color Creation backlight system. This along with their surround sound systems provide todays consumers with the latest in high technology home theaters.
Companys progression from transistor radios to liquid crystal models the way successful companies operate: incubate a new idea, develop and patent it, license it to other manufacturers, and then start the cycle again. The Trinitron brand, with cathode ray tube technology and the latest flat tube allow the company to remain a benchmark in the home television industry. Its LCD flat screen televisions, along with its entire home entertainment line, are sure to continue pleasing consumers long into the future.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/From-Transistors-to-Liquid-Crystal-Milestones-in-Sony-Televisions/44288
Capturing The Essence Of Book With The Sony Reader
The Sony Reader is an innovative way to experience books and reading in general. The Sony Reader uses elink technology to power the Readers impressive display. Unlike previous displays that used CRT or LCD technology elink creates a display that is as clear as words on tangible paper.
The technology uses microcapsules that appear as black and white, unlike previous displays, which used glowing cells. The Reader boasts four levels of grey scale. Elink technology is high resolution at 170 pixels per inch and allows the screen to be 100 percent visible in direct sunlight. The display can also be viewed at a 180-degree angle due to its high contrast qualities. The display is a remarkable six inches.
Another benefit is that the Sony Reader has no backlight making it easier on the eyes for reading at length. Furthermore each page is displayed as a static image with no flicker to add strain to the eye.
The Sony Reader can be taken just about anywhere because it is lightweight and compact. It weighs a mere nine ounces and measures 6.9 inches by 5.8 inches and is a tiny 1/2 inch thick. The Reader has a rechargeable battery that can be fully charged in four hours and will hold a charge for the equivalent of 7,500 page turns.
Sony uses state of the art technology to allow consumers to download electronic books to their personal computers and then transfer them to their Sony Readers. The Sony Reader will give customers access to over a thousand book titles using Connect Ebookstore database. Connect will also allow readers to browse titles and manage downloads.
Any book purchased using Connect can be read up to six devices, one of which being the personal computer. Sony says that once purchased the books will be available at anytime, they do not expire. In addition, Sony allows consumers to register five additional people to their account to share the reading experience. However, data cannot be transferred from one personal computer to another.
This electronic book reading experience is getting huge support from major publishers. Publishers including Random House, HarperCollins Publishers, Penguin-Putnam, Simon & Schuster and Time Warner Book Group are excited about the Sony Reader.
The Sony Reader has an internal memory of 64 megabytes, but also has the option for an external memory card. This feature allows readers to have access to many documents at the same time.
In addition, the Sony Reader displays more than just traditional books. It can also be used to display JPEGS, personal documents, Adobe PDFs and news feeds. The reader also plays audio files such as MP3s. And besides text comics and graphic novels will be available.
However, currently the Sony Reader does not have a keypad or any other means to make notes on the text that is being read. At present there are no plans in the works at Sony to add this feature.
The Sony Reader retails for $349 and includes an AC charger, USB cable, a user guide, CD-ROM, and a trendy soft black case. Additional accessories are available to purchase to compliment the Sony Reader. A cradle for the Reader is also available for purchase for $49.95. Portable Reader covers can be bought for $39.95.
Currently Borders bookstore has exclusive right to sell the Sony Reader, and as of September 2006 the device was available to order. Borders bookstore will maintain its rights to sell the Reader for an undisclosed amount of time. Orders can also be placed online at the Sony website.
Sony has announced plans to continue research and development to enhance the Reader in the near future.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Capturing-The-Essence-Of-Book-With-The-Sony-Reader/44997
The technology uses microcapsules that appear as black and white, unlike previous displays, which used glowing cells. The Reader boasts four levels of grey scale. Elink technology is high resolution at 170 pixels per inch and allows the screen to be 100 percent visible in direct sunlight. The display can also be viewed at a 180-degree angle due to its high contrast qualities. The display is a remarkable six inches.
Another benefit is that the Sony Reader has no backlight making it easier on the eyes for reading at length. Furthermore each page is displayed as a static image with no flicker to add strain to the eye.
The Sony Reader can be taken just about anywhere because it is lightweight and compact. It weighs a mere nine ounces and measures 6.9 inches by 5.8 inches and is a tiny 1/2 inch thick. The Reader has a rechargeable battery that can be fully charged in four hours and will hold a charge for the equivalent of 7,500 page turns.
Sony uses state of the art technology to allow consumers to download electronic books to their personal computers and then transfer them to their Sony Readers. The Sony Reader will give customers access to over a thousand book titles using Connect Ebookstore database. Connect will also allow readers to browse titles and manage downloads.
Any book purchased using Connect can be read up to six devices, one of which being the personal computer. Sony says that once purchased the books will be available at anytime, they do not expire. In addition, Sony allows consumers to register five additional people to their account to share the reading experience. However, data cannot be transferred from one personal computer to another.
This electronic book reading experience is getting huge support from major publishers. Publishers including Random House, HarperCollins Publishers, Penguin-Putnam, Simon & Schuster and Time Warner Book Group are excited about the Sony Reader.
The Sony Reader has an internal memory of 64 megabytes, but also has the option for an external memory card. This feature allows readers to have access to many documents at the same time.
In addition, the Sony Reader displays more than just traditional books. It can also be used to display JPEGS, personal documents, Adobe PDFs and news feeds. The reader also plays audio files such as MP3s. And besides text comics and graphic novels will be available.
However, currently the Sony Reader does not have a keypad or any other means to make notes on the text that is being read. At present there are no plans in the works at Sony to add this feature.
The Sony Reader retails for $349 and includes an AC charger, USB cable, a user guide, CD-ROM, and a trendy soft black case. Additional accessories are available to purchase to compliment the Sony Reader. A cradle for the Reader is also available for purchase for $49.95. Portable Reader covers can be bought for $39.95.
Currently Borders bookstore has exclusive right to sell the Sony Reader, and as of September 2006 the device was available to order. Borders bookstore will maintain its rights to sell the Reader for an undisclosed amount of time. Orders can also be placed online at the Sony website.
Sony has announced plans to continue research and development to enhance the Reader in the near future.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Capturing-The-Essence-Of-Book-With-The-Sony-Reader/44997
Valve automation with an Electric Actuator
Electric actuators
Electric actuators are energized by electric power supply. They are available for many different voltages with different ingress protection grades as IP65, IP67, IP68, NEMA 4 and NEMA 6 and also with ATEX and NEMA 7 Approvals for use in Hazardous Zones.
The Electric Actuators can be connected to almost any digital Control System or Monitoring system such as AS-Interface (ASI-bus), Profibus, Foundation Fieldbus, Interbus, Modbus, Device Net, HART-protocol, etc, etc, by the use of suitable Communication accessories.
Electric Quarter Turn Actuators
Electric Quarter Turn Actuators are mainly used for automation of ball Valves, Butterfly Valves, Plug Valves and Dampers.
Electric Multi Turn Actuators
Electric Multi Turn Actuators are used for Gate Valves, Globe Valves, Plug Valves, Dampers and other applications where multi turn function is required, for example quarter turn valves with reducing gear boxes.
Fail Safe Electric Actuators
Most electric Actuators have no integrated fail safe function but can be equipped with battery packs for fail safe function. On the market are also some fail safe systems with spring return function available even if most of them are equipped with electro-mechanical release mechanisms which are not too reliable after longer use because of dirt, corrosion and aged lubricants. A more safe solution for this is the Electro Hydraulic Fail Safe Actuators which are using a similar spring return system as the pneumatic actuators where no release mechanism is required. These kinds of actuators are to be seen as electric actuators with spring return.
Duty Cycles
The On-Off Duty electric actuators are sensitive for high intensity cycling.
Therefore when modulating is required it is very important to choose an actuator with a maximum Modulating Duty intensity that corresponds to the requirements for the specific application.
Controlling and Signaling
Single Phase Electric Actuators are normally controlled by a 3-position switch function for Open-Stop-Close function.
Three Phase Electric Actuators must be controlled by Starter Relays since phase inverting is necessary to for changing the directions of a three phase motor.
Limit Switches
The Electric Actuators are often equipped with potential free limit switches for signalling to PLC controllers where the motor voltage of the actuator is not possible to use as feed back signal.
Local Control
For Local Control of the electric actuators a control unit is required, such units have a key selector switch for Local/Remote selection and a 3-position control knob for Open-Stop-Close control.
Positioner
For modulating applications with Electric Actuator a positioner is required. The positioners are available in most various designs, starting with the simplest for a 4-20 mA input signal only. If required there are optional feed-back signal transmitters available with or without relays. A basic rule is that the higher the resolution of the positioning and the feed back signal, the higher the price is.
The best positioners for electric quarter turn actuators can perform 450 points of resolution for a 90� turning angle. These positioners are equipped with dynamic braking control features and also adaptive control by continuously monitoring and compensating for actuator backlash, motor coast and load changes to eliminate positioner dead band. Moreover these positioners have built in advanced safety features as stall detection and duty cycle protection for the actuator to ensure that no overloading occurs.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Valve-automation-with-an-Electric-Actuator/46106
Electric actuators are energized by electric power supply. They are available for many different voltages with different ingress protection grades as IP65, IP67, IP68, NEMA 4 and NEMA 6 and also with ATEX and NEMA 7 Approvals for use in Hazardous Zones.
The Electric Actuators can be connected to almost any digital Control System or Monitoring system such as AS-Interface (ASI-bus), Profibus, Foundation Fieldbus, Interbus, Modbus, Device Net, HART-protocol, etc, etc, by the use of suitable Communication accessories.
Electric Quarter Turn Actuators
Electric Quarter Turn Actuators are mainly used for automation of ball Valves, Butterfly Valves, Plug Valves and Dampers.
Electric Multi Turn Actuators
Electric Multi Turn Actuators are used for Gate Valves, Globe Valves, Plug Valves, Dampers and other applications where multi turn function is required, for example quarter turn valves with reducing gear boxes.
Fail Safe Electric Actuators
Most electric Actuators have no integrated fail safe function but can be equipped with battery packs for fail safe function. On the market are also some fail safe systems with spring return function available even if most of them are equipped with electro-mechanical release mechanisms which are not too reliable after longer use because of dirt, corrosion and aged lubricants. A more safe solution for this is the Electro Hydraulic Fail Safe Actuators which are using a similar spring return system as the pneumatic actuators where no release mechanism is required. These kinds of actuators are to be seen as electric actuators with spring return.
Duty Cycles
The On-Off Duty electric actuators are sensitive for high intensity cycling.
Therefore when modulating is required it is very important to choose an actuator with a maximum Modulating Duty intensity that corresponds to the requirements for the specific application.
Controlling and Signaling
Single Phase Electric Actuators are normally controlled by a 3-position switch function for Open-Stop-Close function.
Three Phase Electric Actuators must be controlled by Starter Relays since phase inverting is necessary to for changing the directions of a three phase motor.
Limit Switches
The Electric Actuators are often equipped with potential free limit switches for signalling to PLC controllers where the motor voltage of the actuator is not possible to use as feed back signal.
Local Control
For Local Control of the electric actuators a control unit is required, such units have a key selector switch for Local/Remote selection and a 3-position control knob for Open-Stop-Close control.
Positioner
For modulating applications with Electric Actuator a positioner is required. The positioners are available in most various designs, starting with the simplest for a 4-20 mA input signal only. If required there are optional feed-back signal transmitters available with or without relays. A basic rule is that the higher the resolution of the positioning and the feed back signal, the higher the price is.
The best positioners for electric quarter turn actuators can perform 450 points of resolution for a 90� turning angle. These positioners are equipped with dynamic braking control features and also adaptive control by continuously monitoring and compensating for actuator backlash, motor coast and load changes to eliminate positioner dead band. Moreover these positioners have built in advanced safety features as stall detection and duty cycle protection for the actuator to ensure that no overloading occurs.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Valve-automation-with-an-Electric-Actuator/46106
What To Look For In Mp3 Player Reviews
An MP3 player review is an important resource for any potential buyer. It provides information on the product, having been tested by a range of people including experts and in a range of environments. The whole point of a review is that it allows the reader to get a well rounded outlook on a product before purchasing. Any basic MP3 player review should, therefore, give the reader clear information, considering the variety of users that may purchase the item and also the ways in which they may use it. The review is that meant to provide the best possible consumer information, and so the best type of review should give the reader the opportunity to make an informed choice about their purchase, and with confidence.
MP3 player reviews come in various styles. Some are simply tables with ratings clearly next to the criteria that are being considered. Others will consist of explanations and considerations of the various features, and also provide clear realistic examples to back up the opinion expressed. The best type of MP3 player review will provide both. This makes the review both easy to understand, will make the plus and minus points stand out, and also provide more in depth information on the device that catches the consumers eye. It will also have a clear and functional search facility that will narrow down the criteria that is most important to the buyer. This saves time and energy, and prevents unnecessary information being read.
Any review should consider a range of MP3 players within a range of price categories. The price should be clearly displayed as this is often one of the first criteria that will affect the consumer`s initial decision when choosing a product. It would be unfair to produce a review that enticed the buyer, only to show a price outside of the budget afterwards. The descriptions should place the MP3 player in the top, bottom or lowest end in terms of quality for the price category it fits. Consumers know that the higher priced models are probably the best in terms of quality and special features, but it is only the products within their price range that truly interests them.
MP3 player reviews should provide detailed information on the performance of the product, and compare it to others similar in both type and price. The sound quality should be tested thoroughly, with a range of music considered as the quality of sound will differ, for instance, with additional bass or a faster beat. The sound quality should also be tested in a variety of scenarios to ensure that most possible uses are considered; for instance, the sound quality when jogging may differ from the sound quality in a busy street. The sound should be tested through both MP3 player compatible speakers and headphones, as both are realistic possibilities.
The portability of the MP3 player is another major consideration. Size and weight can vary, and often matters a great deal to the buyer. Exact measurements should be provided where possible to give the clearest possible picture. In addition to this, the usability should be a major consideration. Some are more functional and easy to navigate than others. The buyer that is an MP3 player veteran will want a different product to that of a first time buyer.
Another consideration in any review should also be the durability, as potential buyers want to know that their chosen product is not only the best possible quality, but that it will also last. The battery life and the time taken to recharge is another important factor, and exact or average figures should be provided.
This article is under GNU FDL license and can be distributed without any previous authorization from the author. However the author's name and all the URLs (links) mentioned in the article and biography must be kept.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/What-To-Look-For-In-Mp3-Player-Reviews/35789
MP3 player reviews come in various styles. Some are simply tables with ratings clearly next to the criteria that are being considered. Others will consist of explanations and considerations of the various features, and also provide clear realistic examples to back up the opinion expressed. The best type of MP3 player review will provide both. This makes the review both easy to understand, will make the plus and minus points stand out, and also provide more in depth information on the device that catches the consumers eye. It will also have a clear and functional search facility that will narrow down the criteria that is most important to the buyer. This saves time and energy, and prevents unnecessary information being read.
Any review should consider a range of MP3 players within a range of price categories. The price should be clearly displayed as this is often one of the first criteria that will affect the consumer`s initial decision when choosing a product. It would be unfair to produce a review that enticed the buyer, only to show a price outside of the budget afterwards. The descriptions should place the MP3 player in the top, bottom or lowest end in terms of quality for the price category it fits. Consumers know that the higher priced models are probably the best in terms of quality and special features, but it is only the products within their price range that truly interests them.
MP3 player reviews should provide detailed information on the performance of the product, and compare it to others similar in both type and price. The sound quality should be tested thoroughly, with a range of music considered as the quality of sound will differ, for instance, with additional bass or a faster beat. The sound quality should also be tested in a variety of scenarios to ensure that most possible uses are considered; for instance, the sound quality when jogging may differ from the sound quality in a busy street. The sound should be tested through both MP3 player compatible speakers and headphones, as both are realistic possibilities.
The portability of the MP3 player is another major consideration. Size and weight can vary, and often matters a great deal to the buyer. Exact measurements should be provided where possible to give the clearest possible picture. In addition to this, the usability should be a major consideration. Some are more functional and easy to navigate than others. The buyer that is an MP3 player veteran will want a different product to that of a first time buyer.
Another consideration in any review should also be the durability, as potential buyers want to know that their chosen product is not only the best possible quality, but that it will also last. The battery life and the time taken to recharge is another important factor, and exact or average figures should be provided.
This article is under GNU FDL license and can be distributed without any previous authorization from the author. However the author's name and all the URLs (links) mentioned in the article and biography must be kept.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/What-To-Look-For-In-Mp3-Player-Reviews/35789
Few Things to Consider When Purchasing a RC Helicopter
Operating rc helicopters is a relaxing and fun activity enjoyed by all people, from young and old. There are some different models of rc helicopters, ranging from simple, easy to fly models to sophisticated kits that must be assembled. This popular hobby need some levels of commitment as well. Whether you are looking for some weekend family fun with your remote control helicopter or want to become a master, avid pilot, there are a crucial things to consider before buying your first rc helicopter.
1. How much time do you eager to commit?
Remote control helicopters are obtainable in some different models and vary greatly in price. Ready to fly (RTF) models are already assembled and complete with all the components. This model can be taken out of the box and played with at once and is the best model for beginners. Almost ready to fly (ARF) helicopters are about 90 percent assembled, but still need some building and extra parts. Remote control helicopter kits are also obtainable and need total assembly, together an engine and transmitter.
2. Where will you operate your remote control helicopter?
Remote control helicopters also have many sizes. If you are seeking for a fun and unique helicopter for indoors, there are micro rc helicopters that are small enough you can hold them inside your hand. Other option for indoor flying is an electric style. Electric rc helicopters do not produce any harmful fumes or odors so they are suitable for large, open areas that are enclosed.
If you want to on flying your rc helicopter outside, you have to consider the wind situation in your area. A bigger helicopter will offer more control in windy situation so a mini helicopter may not be the best choice if you will fly in wind often. Helicopters with fixed pitch (FP) blades are recommended for novice pilots because they are cheaper, very easy to use, and easy to repair, but a collective pitch (CP) helicopter is much better for windy situation.
3. Gas powered or electric?
Both types of remote control helicopters have their plus and minus ponts, so how do you choose which is suitable for you? Electric helicopters are normally less expensive than gas ones and are much simpler to use. They are the best pick for young pilots, as well as beginners. Electric powered helicopters run on batteries rather than smelly gas, so there are no fumes. Electric motors are also almost silent while flying, so this type of remote control helicopter is more versatile and can be used almost anywhere.
Gas powered remote control helicopters are messier, more complicates, and much louder than their cheaper electric counterparts, but gas rc helicopters are usually the favorite type for experienced pilots. They like to be more realistic than electric models and give the pilot a chance to be more involved with the aircraft and how it functions. Gas powered helicopters are generally better for frequent use because the tank can simply be refilled rather than having to replace expensive batteries or wait hours for a recharge.
4. How good are you?
If you are new to flying rc helicopters, you may want to begin with a good flight simulator software program designed for remote control pilots. Flight instructors are also an option if you are very serious about the hobby. Novice pilots should pick an expensive rc helicopter with easy to access spare parts. It is best to start with a small, electric type because crashes are usually inevitable in the learning process.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/Few-Things-to-Consider-When-Purchasing-a-RC-Helicopter/36516
1. How much time do you eager to commit?
Remote control helicopters are obtainable in some different models and vary greatly in price. Ready to fly (RTF) models are already assembled and complete with all the components. This model can be taken out of the box and played with at once and is the best model for beginners. Almost ready to fly (ARF) helicopters are about 90 percent assembled, but still need some building and extra parts. Remote control helicopter kits are also obtainable and need total assembly, together an engine and transmitter.
2. Where will you operate your remote control helicopter?
Remote control helicopters also have many sizes. If you are seeking for a fun and unique helicopter for indoors, there are micro rc helicopters that are small enough you can hold them inside your hand. Other option for indoor flying is an electric style. Electric rc helicopters do not produce any harmful fumes or odors so they are suitable for large, open areas that are enclosed.
If you want to on flying your rc helicopter outside, you have to consider the wind situation in your area. A bigger helicopter will offer more control in windy situation so a mini helicopter may not be the best choice if you will fly in wind often. Helicopters with fixed pitch (FP) blades are recommended for novice pilots because they are cheaper, very easy to use, and easy to repair, but a collective pitch (CP) helicopter is much better for windy situation.
3. Gas powered or electric?
Both types of remote control helicopters have their plus and minus ponts, so how do you choose which is suitable for you? Electric helicopters are normally less expensive than gas ones and are much simpler to use. They are the best pick for young pilots, as well as beginners. Electric powered helicopters run on batteries rather than smelly gas, so there are no fumes. Electric motors are also almost silent while flying, so this type of remote control helicopter is more versatile and can be used almost anywhere.
Gas powered remote control helicopters are messier, more complicates, and much louder than their cheaper electric counterparts, but gas rc helicopters are usually the favorite type for experienced pilots. They like to be more realistic than electric models and give the pilot a chance to be more involved with the aircraft and how it functions. Gas powered helicopters are generally better for frequent use because the tank can simply be refilled rather than having to replace expensive batteries or wait hours for a recharge.
4. How good are you?
If you are new to flying rc helicopters, you may want to begin with a good flight simulator software program designed for remote control pilots. Flight instructors are also an option if you are very serious about the hobby. Novice pilots should pick an expensive rc helicopter with easy to access spare parts. It is best to start with a small, electric type because crashes are usually inevitable in the learning process.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/Few-Things-to-Consider-When-Purchasing-a-RC-Helicopter/36516
All You Need to Understand About Purchasing Ceiling Fans Online
A ceiling fan can cool the room with the light breeze it creates. Having one in your room, office or warehouse will give the area with just the right amount of comfort you need. There are a lot of models, colors, designs and functions of ceiling fans. You can have a lot of choices for a particular need.
When looking for for ceiling fans online or thru the Internet would be the easiest and most convenient way to go about it. There would be no hassle by going to the Internet and browsing websites that features ceiling fans online. Websites evaluating new models and products will give valuable information in choosing the appropriate ceiling fan for you. There are also manufacturers that have their own websites where they place a description of their available ceiling fans online.
When you have choosed the model you want, you can then purchase the ceiling fans online. Most websites or online retailers will place it upfront whether it comes with a free shipping or if there should be a charge. If not, make sure you contact the online retailer and ask about this to avoid any issues.
Choosing your ceiling fans online would be the great way to be able to compare features, designs, dimensions, shapes and prices of various ceiling fan makers. You have the luxury of browsing over web pages that contain reviews of the ceiling fans that might interest you. Inquiries can be made online regarding availability of ceiling fans of choice.
A few of the websites selling ceiling fans online are: www.ceilingfansontheweb.com, www.ceiling-fans.biz, www.delmarfans.com, www.ceilingfan.com, www.selectfans.com, and www.littmanbros.com. Also, websites as www.energystar.gov and www.westinghouseceilingfans.com will give you with data on ceiling fan products, and when you should decide to purchase, you will be asked for your zip code so that retailer stores near you will be presented.
Shopping ceiling fans online must be very careful. Purchase only from websites with names you ever deal. Purchaseing online would mean using your credit card in the purchases. Deal only with online retailers that have already made a name for itself and have already established its integrity with how it conducts its business.
When purchaseing ceiling fans online, make sure you trust the manufacturer of these products. Take note that high quality ceiling fans may cost you higher but you will have lesser problems in the future. There will be no irritating noises coming out from your fans and less wear & tear of motor parts. You will be satified with the performance of a quality ceiling fan on your homes and offices.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/All-You-Need-to-Understand-About-Purchasing-Ceiling-Fans-Online/41898
When looking for for ceiling fans online or thru the Internet would be the easiest and most convenient way to go about it. There would be no hassle by going to the Internet and browsing websites that features ceiling fans online. Websites evaluating new models and products will give valuable information in choosing the appropriate ceiling fan for you. There are also manufacturers that have their own websites where they place a description of their available ceiling fans online.
When you have choosed the model you want, you can then purchase the ceiling fans online. Most websites or online retailers will place it upfront whether it comes with a free shipping or if there should be a charge. If not, make sure you contact the online retailer and ask about this to avoid any issues.
Choosing your ceiling fans online would be the great way to be able to compare features, designs, dimensions, shapes and prices of various ceiling fan makers. You have the luxury of browsing over web pages that contain reviews of the ceiling fans that might interest you. Inquiries can be made online regarding availability of ceiling fans of choice.
A few of the websites selling ceiling fans online are: www.ceilingfansontheweb.com, www.ceiling-fans.biz, www.delmarfans.com, www.ceilingfan.com, www.selectfans.com, and www.littmanbros.com. Also, websites as www.energystar.gov and www.westinghouseceilingfans.com will give you with data on ceiling fan products, and when you should decide to purchase, you will be asked for your zip code so that retailer stores near you will be presented.
Shopping ceiling fans online must be very careful. Purchase only from websites with names you ever deal. Purchaseing online would mean using your credit card in the purchases. Deal only with online retailers that have already made a name for itself and have already established its integrity with how it conducts its business.
When purchaseing ceiling fans online, make sure you trust the manufacturer of these products. Take note that high quality ceiling fans may cost you higher but you will have lesser problems in the future. There will be no irritating noises coming out from your fans and less wear & tear of motor parts. You will be satified with the performance of a quality ceiling fan on your homes and offices.
http://www.myarticlemall.com/Article/All-You-Need-to-Understand-About-Purchasing-Ceiling-Fans-Online/41898
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