Royal paper shredders are a market standard. The company which makes them, Royal Consumer Information Products, is descended from the Royal Typewriter Company, which was founded in 1906. Their line has expanded to include cash registers, faxes, shredders, postal scales, weather stations, imaging supplies and electronic organizers.
One of Royal's great paper shredders, the Royal 15MX is a high end shredder, intended to be used by small offices. This machine can easily deal with credit cards, paper clips, staples, and even CDs or DVDs. It reduces paper to crosscut strips that are .125" by 1.5" in dimension.
This shredder is able to handle fifteen sheets at once, and its basket can accommodate up to eight gallons of shredded material before it needs to be emptied. This Royal paper shredder weighs in at forty pounds and offers a one year warranty.
Another shredder from Royal, the JS55, is a lower cost shredder meant for home use. It retails at around twenty dollars and is capable of shredding as much as five pages at once. This shredder creates quarter inch crosscut confetti, weigh five pounds, and offers a three gallon receptacle.
It can, however, only be shipped within the United States. This shredder offers a one year warranty, but has received poor reviews from some users due to its low capacity. This shredder should certainly only be used on an occasional basis for destroying papers, not on a daily basis.
If your home needs to shred more often, consider the Royal 85X, a system that retails for around sixty dollars. It can handle ten pages at once and reduces them to smaller pieces than the JS55.
It can deal with credit cards, staples, and other tough items, and also comes with a year's warranty on parts. The trash receptacle is pull out, and fourteen and a half liters – enough to handle most jobs. Be sure not to use this shredder heavily, however. The system can easily become over stressed.
Another home use Royal paper shredder is the 7 Sheet Cross Cut with CD Shred model. This shredder costs around sixty dollars and handles paperclips, staples, and CDs. It shreds to .156" by 1.625" and offers the usual one year warranty on parts. The trash receptacle holds up to four gallons. As this machine weighs fifteen pounds, shipping outside of the US is not available.
Royal's paper shredders meant for home use also include the forty dollar, fourteen pound 8 Sheet Cross Shredder. This machine features an indicator light when there's an error, but tends to run loudly.
One of Royal's older paper shredders, the HT700X features a .125" by 1.5" crosscut, deals with credit cards and staples, and offers a four gallon bin and one year warranty. This shredder weighs ten pounds, and like many others, can only be shipped inside the United States. However, most reviews are poor, so buyers may wish to purchase a newer model.
A small, low cost example of Royal shredders, the JS800 retails at twenty five dollars. It produces fairly large pieces; .25" strips - which could be a problem for people concerned about security. This seven pound model does offer a six gallon trash bin for those who don't like to empty their shredder often.
This machine is only intended to be used occasionally, and must cool down for four minutes after being used for two. Despite this, it gets good reviews from most consumers.
Another lower end machine, the Royal 7 sheet crosscut paper shredder weighs in at fourteen pounds and costs forty dollars. It must also be shipped in the US, or to an APO/FPO address.
It has a feature to turn itself off to avoid overheating, which is useful for those concerned about shredder longevity. However, if you're not familiar with this feature, it can be disconcerting. Some also feel that this shredder is overly top heavy.
Royal's 15 sheet Heavy Duty crosscut shredder can be a great deal. This machine normally runs around three hundred fifty dollars, but can be found online for a hundred and forty. It's a commercial shredder that produces eight inch by one inch confetti, and can handle fifteen pages at once.
This Royal paper shredder also features a slot specifically for destruction of CDs, DVDs and other data disks. The majority of people who buy this paper shredder are happy with their purchase.
Last but not least, Royal offers a 10 Sheet crosscut Paper Shredder, which is a well reviewed mid-level machine. At sixty dollars, it won't break the bank, but has the power to shred discs. This machine produces 1.375" by .16" confetti, can only be shipped within the United States, or to APO/FPO addresses.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-Best-Of-Royal-Paper-Shredders/322387
Friday, October 12, 2007
Kinds Of Transformer For Power Generation
Sale of transformers to the people is in more numbers and they are sold for reasonable and competitive prices. Transformers fetch more demand among the business people and general customers around the world. Transformers are available in different kinds and they are the only instrument which is used to measure or to transfer current or energy from one circuit to another. Transformers are kind of electrical instrument used to transfer energy from source to another without any hindrance. Transformers are available in more number and at the same time they are available in different kinds.
Some of the kinds of transformers are current transformer, isolation transformer, power transformer, electric transformer, audio transformer, flyback transformer, high voltage transformer, low voltage transformer, step down transformer. Transformers are sold for reasonable and affordable prices to enable the customers to pay off the price consideration. The different kinds of transformers satisfy the requirement of the customers and meet their demand at the time of requirement. Some of the kinds of transformers are displayed below.
Electric Transformer
Electric transformer is inclusive of different kinds of transformers manufactured. Electric transformer is used to transfer current from one circuit to another with the help of electromagnetic induction. Electric transformer is provides current effectively and efficiently. Electric transformers are sold for reasonable prices to enable people to purchase it.
Current Transformer
Current transformer is also the other kind of transformer which is used to obtain current. The main purpose of using current transformer is to obtain current from the secondary circuit and also it measures the alternate current with the help of the conductor. Current transformers transfer current without influence over other process and supplies current directly.
Isolation Transformer
Isolation transformer is a kind of transformers used to supply current for equipments. Isolation transformer helps to decouple two circuits and supplies current from one circuit to another circuit. Isolation transformer suits for wide applications and helps to prevent influence one section to another. Isolation transformers are designed specifically to meet the requirements of the customers around the world.
High Voltage Transformer
High voltage comes under the different kinds of transformers manufactured. High voltage transformers are used for more number of applications and they come up with standard features. High voltage transformer can be used in power transmission applications. High voltage transformers transfer the energy directly from one circuit to another circuit with fine voltages. They transfer the energy from one circuit to another and supplies sufficient voltage to the customer.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Kinds-Of-Transformer-For-Power-Generation/322456
Some of the kinds of transformers are current transformer, isolation transformer, power transformer, electric transformer, audio transformer, flyback transformer, high voltage transformer, low voltage transformer, step down transformer. Transformers are sold for reasonable and affordable prices to enable the customers to pay off the price consideration. The different kinds of transformers satisfy the requirement of the customers and meet their demand at the time of requirement. Some of the kinds of transformers are displayed below.
Electric Transformer
Electric transformer is inclusive of different kinds of transformers manufactured. Electric transformer is used to transfer current from one circuit to another with the help of electromagnetic induction. Electric transformer is provides current effectively and efficiently. Electric transformers are sold for reasonable prices to enable people to purchase it.
Current Transformer
Current transformer is also the other kind of transformer which is used to obtain current. The main purpose of using current transformer is to obtain current from the secondary circuit and also it measures the alternate current with the help of the conductor. Current transformers transfer current without influence over other process and supplies current directly.
Isolation Transformer
Isolation transformer is a kind of transformers used to supply current for equipments. Isolation transformer helps to decouple two circuits and supplies current from one circuit to another circuit. Isolation transformer suits for wide applications and helps to prevent influence one section to another. Isolation transformers are designed specifically to meet the requirements of the customers around the world.
High Voltage Transformer
High voltage comes under the different kinds of transformers manufactured. High voltage transformers are used for more number of applications and they come up with standard features. High voltage transformer can be used in power transmission applications. High voltage transformers transfer the energy directly from one circuit to another circuit with fine voltages. They transfer the energy from one circuit to another and supplies sufficient voltage to the customer.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Kinds-Of-Transformer-For-Power-Generation/322456
Consulting An Upright Vacuum Cleaner Rating
There are now numerous brand and vacuum types out in the market. Nonetheless, the old upright model has not completely disappeared. In fact, many homeowners still prefer this classic model. This is why many manufacturers have now come out with new product models and innovations. With the many types of uprights available, how can you make a good choice? One way to ensure that you get the right model is by consulting an upright vacuum cleaner rating. Like other products, uprights get reviewed too and knowing what other users think can help you find what's best for you.
Sebo X1
At over $500, the X1 from Sebo is a top-rated vacuum if not the best upright vacuum in the market today. The feature that makes it stand out the most is its automatic abilities. It adjusts itself to give you the best cleaning experience (cleaning height, etc.) and even knows when the bag is full which causes it to stop operating so that you can change the bag. This vacuum is recommended for people who want to get serious cleaning done around the house or office. It's sleek, sports very modern features, and gives exceptional performance earning it the title of a vacuum that is built to work. German-engineered with some of the best controls, brushes, and filtration systems, the Sebo X1 vacuums are definitely a bang for your buck.
Sanitaire S782
Sanitaire probably has one of the best bargains for your wallet with products that do not cost more than $200 like its S782. Furthermore, it can probably get a usual high upright vacuum cleaner rating because it is both highly functional and portable. Its cord that measures 30 feet can get you through wide spaces and its manageable weight of 14 pounds will allow you to easily transfer it where you need it. Aside from these useful features, it also additionally shuts down when a dirt jam occurs. It has a collapsible handle and has twin motors. This is really a great alternative to more expensive brands and models.
Miele s163i
The product name Miele speaks for itself. Consumers would know that this company is among those who can generate high quality products. Their s163i almost has every great feature in an upright vacuum. It can be portable, affordable, powerful and definitely nice to look at. Its sleek form that is priced only at $250 works on 1000 watts of power and can be guaranteed to last for approximately 10 years. What is surprising about it is that it can be disassembled so that it can also be brought along to vacuum your car or other spaces that are difficult to clean. Everything about this vacuum model deserves to be given a fantastic upright vacuum cleaner rating.
These are only examples of what consumers look for when they generate their upright vacuum cleaner rating. There are of course numerous other models and ratings out there. If you would like to get the best buy or the best bargain, make sure to seriously go over some consumer ratings. Other people's opinions and experiences can help you a lot in making an informed decision that you would not regret.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Consulting-an-Upright-Vacuum-Cleaner-Rating/322974
Sebo X1
At over $500, the X1 from Sebo is a top-rated vacuum if not the best upright vacuum in the market today. The feature that makes it stand out the most is its automatic abilities. It adjusts itself to give you the best cleaning experience (cleaning height, etc.) and even knows when the bag is full which causes it to stop operating so that you can change the bag. This vacuum is recommended for people who want to get serious cleaning done around the house or office. It's sleek, sports very modern features, and gives exceptional performance earning it the title of a vacuum that is built to work. German-engineered with some of the best controls, brushes, and filtration systems, the Sebo X1 vacuums are definitely a bang for your buck.
Sanitaire S782
Sanitaire probably has one of the best bargains for your wallet with products that do not cost more than $200 like its S782. Furthermore, it can probably get a usual high upright vacuum cleaner rating because it is both highly functional and portable. Its cord that measures 30 feet can get you through wide spaces and its manageable weight of 14 pounds will allow you to easily transfer it where you need it. Aside from these useful features, it also additionally shuts down when a dirt jam occurs. It has a collapsible handle and has twin motors. This is really a great alternative to more expensive brands and models.
Miele s163i
The product name Miele speaks for itself. Consumers would know that this company is among those who can generate high quality products. Their s163i almost has every great feature in an upright vacuum. It can be portable, affordable, powerful and definitely nice to look at. Its sleek form that is priced only at $250 works on 1000 watts of power and can be guaranteed to last for approximately 10 years. What is surprising about it is that it can be disassembled so that it can also be brought along to vacuum your car or other spaces that are difficult to clean. Everything about this vacuum model deserves to be given a fantastic upright vacuum cleaner rating.
These are only examples of what consumers look for when they generate their upright vacuum cleaner rating. There are of course numerous other models and ratings out there. If you would like to get the best buy or the best bargain, make sure to seriously go over some consumer ratings. Other people's opinions and experiences can help you a lot in making an informed decision that you would not regret.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Consulting-an-Upright-Vacuum-Cleaner-Rating/322974
Hdtv Is Redefining Television Viewing
Increasingly, broadcasters and viewers alike are giving High-Definition TV high marks.
If you think you're ready to make the leap, here are a few points to keep in mind:
• Purchase an HDTV-ready or HDTV-capable television set. There are several kinds of HDTVs, such as rear-projection, plasma and LCD, but the two main distinctions you need to be aware of are HDTV-ready and HDTV-capable. HDTV-ready means that the television has an HDTV tuner built in that enables it to receive over-the-air high-definition signals from your local networks. HDTV-capable means that the television is able to receive HD signals, but only in conjunction with the use of an HDTV converter box from your cable or satellite provider.
• Get an HDTV converter box from your cable or satellite provider. Depending on your HDTV programming service provider, you may be able to lease one for $5-$10 a month. There are great deals and trial offers right now, so shop around.
• The channel you want to watch must be broadcast in high definition to see it in true HD. All the major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS and FOX) transmit at least some programming in HD. DIRECTV announced that it would have 100 HD channels on its service by year's end. Many cable networks are offering HD versions of their popular channels. For example, Discovery Communications recently launched HD simulcasts of Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, TLC and Science Channel. Besides your local broadcast networks, there are HD channels in just about every possible genre: news, sports, documentary, nature, science, movies, music, history, home improvement, cooking-even reality.
• HD versions of your favorite channels are often on a completely different end of your on-screen channel guide. The good news is that most HD channels are grouped together to make things a little less confusing.
Once you decide on an HD television set and have your HD converter box hooked up, you're ready to go.
With an HDTV set, you can watch spectacular HD shows like Discovery Channel's "Planet Earth."
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/HDTV-Is-Redefining-Television-Viewing/324627
If you think you're ready to make the leap, here are a few points to keep in mind:
• Purchase an HDTV-ready or HDTV-capable television set. There are several kinds of HDTVs, such as rear-projection, plasma and LCD, but the two main distinctions you need to be aware of are HDTV-ready and HDTV-capable. HDTV-ready means that the television has an HDTV tuner built in that enables it to receive over-the-air high-definition signals from your local networks. HDTV-capable means that the television is able to receive HD signals, but only in conjunction with the use of an HDTV converter box from your cable or satellite provider.
• Get an HDTV converter box from your cable or satellite provider. Depending on your HDTV programming service provider, you may be able to lease one for $5-$10 a month. There are great deals and trial offers right now, so shop around.
• The channel you want to watch must be broadcast in high definition to see it in true HD. All the major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS and FOX) transmit at least some programming in HD. DIRECTV announced that it would have 100 HD channels on its service by year's end. Many cable networks are offering HD versions of their popular channels. For example, Discovery Communications recently launched HD simulcasts of Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, TLC and Science Channel. Besides your local broadcast networks, there are HD channels in just about every possible genre: news, sports, documentary, nature, science, movies, music, history, home improvement, cooking-even reality.
• HD versions of your favorite channels are often on a completely different end of your on-screen channel guide. The good news is that most HD channels are grouped together to make things a little less confusing.
Once you decide on an HD television set and have your HD converter box hooked up, you're ready to go.
With an HDTV set, you can watch spectacular HD shows like Discovery Channel's "Planet Earth."
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/HDTV-Is-Redefining-Television-Viewing/324627
Simple Ways To Do Refactoring With Prototype Building Materials
Many years ago, people used to rely on Lotus 123 to get work on the computer. WordStar was the program of choice when preparing documents. Years later, Microsoft hit the market that was followed by other operating systems such as Linux and Macintosh.
Ever since Microsoft started in the 1990s, various improvements have been made and the latest edition to the family is Windows XP. Why the upgrades some may ask This is to satisfy the requirements of businesses and end users who are not satisfied with the current systems.
How does the company know that people are not satisfied When systems fail, a report is generated that is then sent to the corporate office. Software designers will then find answers to this problems and then release product updates or a new program to the public, which is what prototyping, is all about.
But there are many ways to create a new prototype. The most common, which is making a few alterations to the program, is what is called prototype refactoring. After all, computer codes are identified in numbers such as 1 or 0 and most users want he problem fixed rather than going out and buying a new one.
This case also applies for automobiles so a customer who had a problem for example with the automatic transmission system will go back to the dealer to have this repaired instead of buying a new car.
Software developers usually try to solve two contradictions in order for it to work. This is like hitting two birds with one stone so a lot can be achieved with less effort and here are a few ways how this is done. The first is by reviewing the HTML application that can be edited using Macromedia Dreamweaver. When the changes have been made, this can be saved and an update can be sent to the end user.
The second is by using MS Visio. This is better known as a drawing tool but those who are experts in making programs also use this to make alterations in the settings panel to make it work.
The last is by doing something with the worksheet compiler. Believe it or not, developers can make improvements by simply using tools such as Microsoft Word or Excel.
The three just mentioned proves that there are ways to conduct prototype refactoring without doing a major overhaul of the system. The fact is, the system works and the software developer has to fix a few glitches.
Rapid prototyping is the process used to generate three-dimensional models that do not require any machining or tooling. Instead, rapid prototyping makes use of cutting edge technology that allows a physical object to be formed by adding a material layer by layer until the desired shape is achieved. This additive process is being used instead of building prototypes by cutting away material through machining which is subtractive.
Rapid prototyping allows more flexibility than machining because the even complex model designs does not suffer any limitations during its production. Rapid prototyping enables engineers and product designers to generate three dimensional models quickly and accurately.
Different rapid prototyping systems make use of a variety of materials to create different three dimensional objects. A common material used is prototyping wax. This material is usually ideal when engineers and designers require small quantities of casting parts to create intricate patterns without the use of tooling.
Prototyping wax can also be used together with other types of prototyping materials in order to make the resulting prototype work better with different casting methods that make use of metals as well as non-metals. Combining prototyping wax with other materials to create the models will also be ideal for low-temperature furnaces and vacuum plaster casting methods.
A rapid prototyping modeling process utilizing prototyping wax to create a wax pattern can be advantageous in some ways. Forming and de-waxing a shell mold made from prototyping wax can be done quite rapidly using normal casting procedures. Using this type material simplifies in a way the model-making process that helps you to get your products to be developed and be released in the market faster.
Aside from prototyping waxes, there are also other materials being used for a number of rapid prototyping processes. One such material is thermoplastics. If product engineers are looking forward in creating durable prototype parts that might require aggressive functional testing, thermoplastics can be the ideal material to use for rapid prototyping. Thermoplastic materials have effective heat and chemical resisting properties that make them the best choice for models that undergo aggressive product testing procedures.
Not only that, thermoplastics also provide excellent surface finish to prototype models. They are also machinable and weldable when required. Thermoplastics can also be joined mechanically or with the use of special adhesives. Other prototyping material choices available include powdered metals for injection molding, and for directly creating metal prototype parts, Polycarbonate and polyphenylsulfone materials for forming durable, high-strength, and functional prototypes that are to be used for testing and final design verification.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Simple-Ways-To-Do-Refactoring-With-Prototype-Building-Materials/48655
Ever since Microsoft started in the 1990s, various improvements have been made and the latest edition to the family is Windows XP. Why the upgrades some may ask This is to satisfy the requirements of businesses and end users who are not satisfied with the current systems.
How does the company know that people are not satisfied When systems fail, a report is generated that is then sent to the corporate office. Software designers will then find answers to this problems and then release product updates or a new program to the public, which is what prototyping, is all about.
But there are many ways to create a new prototype. The most common, which is making a few alterations to the program, is what is called prototype refactoring. After all, computer codes are identified in numbers such as 1 or 0 and most users want he problem fixed rather than going out and buying a new one.
This case also applies for automobiles so a customer who had a problem for example with the automatic transmission system will go back to the dealer to have this repaired instead of buying a new car.
Software developers usually try to solve two contradictions in order for it to work. This is like hitting two birds with one stone so a lot can be achieved with less effort and here are a few ways how this is done. The first is by reviewing the HTML application that can be edited using Macromedia Dreamweaver. When the changes have been made, this can be saved and an update can be sent to the end user.
The second is by using MS Visio. This is better known as a drawing tool but those who are experts in making programs also use this to make alterations in the settings panel to make it work.
The last is by doing something with the worksheet compiler. Believe it or not, developers can make improvements by simply using tools such as Microsoft Word or Excel.
The three just mentioned proves that there are ways to conduct prototype refactoring without doing a major overhaul of the system. The fact is, the system works and the software developer has to fix a few glitches.
Rapid prototyping is the process used to generate three-dimensional models that do not require any machining or tooling. Instead, rapid prototyping makes use of cutting edge technology that allows a physical object to be formed by adding a material layer by layer until the desired shape is achieved. This additive process is being used instead of building prototypes by cutting away material through machining which is subtractive.
Rapid prototyping allows more flexibility than machining because the even complex model designs does not suffer any limitations during its production. Rapid prototyping enables engineers and product designers to generate three dimensional models quickly and accurately.
Different rapid prototyping systems make use of a variety of materials to create different three dimensional objects. A common material used is prototyping wax. This material is usually ideal when engineers and designers require small quantities of casting parts to create intricate patterns without the use of tooling.
Prototyping wax can also be used together with other types of prototyping materials in order to make the resulting prototype work better with different casting methods that make use of metals as well as non-metals. Combining prototyping wax with other materials to create the models will also be ideal for low-temperature furnaces and vacuum plaster casting methods.
A rapid prototyping modeling process utilizing prototyping wax to create a wax pattern can be advantageous in some ways. Forming and de-waxing a shell mold made from prototyping wax can be done quite rapidly using normal casting procedures. Using this type material simplifies in a way the model-making process that helps you to get your products to be developed and be released in the market faster.
Aside from prototyping waxes, there are also other materials being used for a number of rapid prototyping processes. One such material is thermoplastics. If product engineers are looking forward in creating durable prototype parts that might require aggressive functional testing, thermoplastics can be the ideal material to use for rapid prototyping. Thermoplastic materials have effective heat and chemical resisting properties that make them the best choice for models that undergo aggressive product testing procedures.
Not only that, thermoplastics also provide excellent surface finish to prototype models. They are also machinable and weldable when required. Thermoplastics can also be joined mechanically or with the use of special adhesives. Other prototyping material choices available include powdered metals for injection molding, and for directly creating metal prototype parts, Polycarbonate and polyphenylsulfone materials for forming durable, high-strength, and functional prototypes that are to be used for testing and final design verification.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Simple-Ways-To-Do-Refactoring-With-Prototype-Building-Materials/48655
The Basic Features Of A Spectrum Analyzer
A spectrum analyzer is a device that measures the power spectrum. It is often used to examine the components of a waveform, whether it is electrical, acoustic or optical in form. There are basically two kinds of spectrum analyzers, the analog and the digital.
It also displays the received signal and compares the bandwidth to the frequency. A comparison is often done with an Oscilloscope, which compares the strength of the signal against the time.
Spectrum analyzers are also useful in analyzing amplitude against the frequency. Amplitude is normally measured in power or in dBm instead of volts, which is what is normally used in most spectrum analyzer.
The reason behind this is the fact that there are low signal strengths and frequency of movements that may not be measured. Spectrum Analyzers can only measure the frequency of the response at powers as low as 100 dBm. These are the levels that are frequently seen in microwave receivers. Oscilloscopes, on the other hand, cannot measure such very low voltage. The device can only deal with very low frequency levels and high amplitude.
The analog analyzer uses a filter with a mid-frequency that can be automatically shifted through a series of frequencies where the spectrum will be measured. The digital spectrum, on the other hand, utilizes a mathematical process called the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which is used to transform a wavform into the different components of its frequency spectrum. This way, computer programs who do the transformations will make the audio processing much easier. FFTs, however, are not only used for this purpose. They also have applications in other fields.
There are also spectrum analyzers that makes use of a technique wherein the incoming signal is converted into a lower frequency. This hybrid technique uses first the superheterodyne and then the FFT techniques. Examples of spectrum analyzers with this technique are those made by the Tektronix from the real-time spectrum analyzer series.
Spectrum Analyzers have so many applications. One application is the device frequency response measurement, which refers to the amplitude response of a machine against frequency of device.
Another application is Microwave Tower Monitoring, which measures the transmitted power of the machine as well as the power that it receives. This is utilized for the verification if the signal strengths and frequency of the transmitter. A directional coupler is used to tap the power. This is done so as not to disturb or interrupt communications.
A spectrum analyzer is one instrument that is often used in the conversion of higher frequencies, often those that range up to 10s gigahertz. It is a sensitive receiver that works based on the super-heterodyne receiver principles.
Once received by the spectrum analyzer, the frequency signal is swept through a pre-selected set of frequencies. The selected frequency is then converted into a DC level, a logarithmic scale, that can be measured. It is also displayed on the CRT, where the y-axis contains the signal strength while the frequency is seen on the x-axis.
Spectrum analyzers, however, cannot detect signals that are too weak or weaker than the noise in the background. This is the reason why the spectrum analyzer is often used in tandem with an RBW. In fact, RBW is one of the vital considerations in choosing or buying a spectrum analyzer.
Here, the received signal strength is measured in dBm or what is called decibels, the zero of which corresponds to 1mWatt on the logarithm scale. The reason for the use of power or decibels instead of the usual voltage is the fact that what is being measured are the low signal strengths and the frequency range of measurement.
Spectrum analyzers can only measure the response of a device powered at 120 dBm. These are the power levels that are normally seen in microwave receivers.In addition to the RBW, there are other key features of spectrum analyzers that people need to consider before buying one. One of these vital components is the resolution width, which affects the sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. In fact, the sensitivity is directly dependent on this feature. For instance, if the measurements are the over a wide band, a 3 KHz RBW will normally be effective.
However, if you need to analyze a much narrower spectrum, such as with filters, then you may need a bandwidth resolution of 300Hz or a 10 Hz RBW. All depends on how the spectrum analyzer will be used. Another feature is the frequency range, which refers to the frequencies that you will be needing in order to take measurements. Spectrum analyzers have ranges from 100 Hz to 50.
Another is the frequency stability, which allows the spectrum to maintain its frequency within a specific levels that is precise and accurate. Often, the frequency stability is entirely dependent on the stability of the oscillator. A provision for Narrow band measurements for instance is an important parameter because spectrum analyzers do not usually have very high stability clocks.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/The-Basic-Features-Of-A-Spectrum-Analyzer/49040
It also displays the received signal and compares the bandwidth to the frequency. A comparison is often done with an Oscilloscope, which compares the strength of the signal against the time.
Spectrum analyzers are also useful in analyzing amplitude against the frequency. Amplitude is normally measured in power or in dBm instead of volts, which is what is normally used in most spectrum analyzer.
The reason behind this is the fact that there are low signal strengths and frequency of movements that may not be measured. Spectrum Analyzers can only measure the frequency of the response at powers as low as 100 dBm. These are the levels that are frequently seen in microwave receivers. Oscilloscopes, on the other hand, cannot measure such very low voltage. The device can only deal with very low frequency levels and high amplitude.
The analog analyzer uses a filter with a mid-frequency that can be automatically shifted through a series of frequencies where the spectrum will be measured. The digital spectrum, on the other hand, utilizes a mathematical process called the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which is used to transform a wavform into the different components of its frequency spectrum. This way, computer programs who do the transformations will make the audio processing much easier. FFTs, however, are not only used for this purpose. They also have applications in other fields.
There are also spectrum analyzers that makes use of a technique wherein the incoming signal is converted into a lower frequency. This hybrid technique uses first the superheterodyne and then the FFT techniques. Examples of spectrum analyzers with this technique are those made by the Tektronix from the real-time spectrum analyzer series.
Spectrum Analyzers have so many applications. One application is the device frequency response measurement, which refers to the amplitude response of a machine against frequency of device.
Another application is Microwave Tower Monitoring, which measures the transmitted power of the machine as well as the power that it receives. This is utilized for the verification if the signal strengths and frequency of the transmitter. A directional coupler is used to tap the power. This is done so as not to disturb or interrupt communications.
A spectrum analyzer is one instrument that is often used in the conversion of higher frequencies, often those that range up to 10s gigahertz. It is a sensitive receiver that works based on the super-heterodyne receiver principles.
Once received by the spectrum analyzer, the frequency signal is swept through a pre-selected set of frequencies. The selected frequency is then converted into a DC level, a logarithmic scale, that can be measured. It is also displayed on the CRT, where the y-axis contains the signal strength while the frequency is seen on the x-axis.
Spectrum analyzers, however, cannot detect signals that are too weak or weaker than the noise in the background. This is the reason why the spectrum analyzer is often used in tandem with an RBW. In fact, RBW is one of the vital considerations in choosing or buying a spectrum analyzer.
Here, the received signal strength is measured in dBm or what is called decibels, the zero of which corresponds to 1mWatt on the logarithm scale. The reason for the use of power or decibels instead of the usual voltage is the fact that what is being measured are the low signal strengths and the frequency range of measurement.
Spectrum analyzers can only measure the response of a device powered at 120 dBm. These are the power levels that are normally seen in microwave receivers.In addition to the RBW, there are other key features of spectrum analyzers that people need to consider before buying one. One of these vital components is the resolution width, which affects the sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. In fact, the sensitivity is directly dependent on this feature. For instance, if the measurements are the over a wide band, a 3 KHz RBW will normally be effective.
However, if you need to analyze a much narrower spectrum, such as with filters, then you may need a bandwidth resolution of 300Hz or a 10 Hz RBW. All depends on how the spectrum analyzer will be used. Another feature is the frequency range, which refers to the frequencies that you will be needing in order to take measurements. Spectrum analyzers have ranges from 100 Hz to 50.
Another is the frequency stability, which allows the spectrum to maintain its frequency within a specific levels that is precise and accurate. Often, the frequency stability is entirely dependent on the stability of the oscillator. A provision for Narrow band measurements for instance is an important parameter because spectrum analyzers do not usually have very high stability clocks.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/The-Basic-Features-Of-A-Spectrum-Analyzer/49040
Plasma HDTV
Change the way you used to watch the television with the new TV on the block that has made the conventional analog television sets run for their survival. We are talking about a plasma HDTV. Its a new technology that has altogether changed the whole scenario. The High Definition Plasma Television is here, that is what popularly known as Plasma HDTV, that has given a new dimension to the TV watching experience. But, is the technology worth of receiving so much of praise. In this case you have to see it to believe it. As the name itself reflects, the HDTV is a high definition TV that changes the picture quality by bringing more life to it and thus has many advantages over the conventional analog TV set.
Lets talk about what you get when you go in for the Plasma HDTV.
Much Higher resolution: this is where the Plasma HDTV can beat any competition coming its way. Compared to the conventional TV sets, the Plasma display devices have much higher resolution, and are capable of displaying full HDTV and DTV signals as well as XGA, SVGA and VGA signals from a computer.
Elimination of scan lines: Contrary to the Plasma TV the conventional TV monitors use an electron beam to scan the picture tube at regular intervals that may produce the scan lines, in a standard NTSC TV. Plasma displays in this case, include built-in line doubling to improve image quality when switched to standard analog video sources such as TV broadcasts and VCR tapes.
Exceptional color accuracy: Another great advantage is the exceptional color accuracy that is achieved through displaying 16.77 million colors that can bring any picture to life.
Wide-screen aspect ratio: To bring back the experience of watching films in theatre, Plasma display devices have a wide-screen 16:9 aspect ratio, that allows the DVD-Video movies to be viewed in wide-screen format.
Perfect flat screen: is another biggest advantage with Plasma screens. This helps to eliminate the edge distortion that can occur in normal displays.
Uniform screen brightness: the realism can be achieved with this factor that also helps in soothing the eyes with the plasma displays illuminating every pixels evenly across the screen.
Slim space-saving design: a few inches thin, hag it on any wall you like and it gives you the installation options as never before. Dont bother about the standalone way if you dont want to keep it like that. The best part is the can match your dcor, and actually increase the style statement of your home.
Wide viewing angles: of 160 degrees allows a larger number of viewers to enjoy perfect image reproduction irrespective of their position in the room.
Universal display capability: makes them include and play a wide video formats. Most of the plasma HDTV ware compatible with composite video (NTSC, PAL SECAM) (standard RCA jacks), S-video and component video inputs, plus one or more RGB inputs to accept the video output from a computer.
Resistance to magnetic fields: as they do not use the electron beams like the conventional TV sets, they are unfazed by the effects of magnetic fields. That is why it can be placed in a close proximity to any device that produces magnetic fields, for instance, speakers.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Plasma-HDTV/50619
Lets talk about what you get when you go in for the Plasma HDTV.
Much Higher resolution: this is where the Plasma HDTV can beat any competition coming its way. Compared to the conventional TV sets, the Plasma display devices have much higher resolution, and are capable of displaying full HDTV and DTV signals as well as XGA, SVGA and VGA signals from a computer.
Elimination of scan lines: Contrary to the Plasma TV the conventional TV monitors use an electron beam to scan the picture tube at regular intervals that may produce the scan lines, in a standard NTSC TV. Plasma displays in this case, include built-in line doubling to improve image quality when switched to standard analog video sources such as TV broadcasts and VCR tapes.
Exceptional color accuracy: Another great advantage is the exceptional color accuracy that is achieved through displaying 16.77 million colors that can bring any picture to life.
Wide-screen aspect ratio: To bring back the experience of watching films in theatre, Plasma display devices have a wide-screen 16:9 aspect ratio, that allows the DVD-Video movies to be viewed in wide-screen format.
Perfect flat screen: is another biggest advantage with Plasma screens. This helps to eliminate the edge distortion that can occur in normal displays.
Uniform screen brightness: the realism can be achieved with this factor that also helps in soothing the eyes with the plasma displays illuminating every pixels evenly across the screen.
Slim space-saving design: a few inches thin, hag it on any wall you like and it gives you the installation options as never before. Dont bother about the standalone way if you dont want to keep it like that. The best part is the can match your dcor, and actually increase the style statement of your home.
Wide viewing angles: of 160 degrees allows a larger number of viewers to enjoy perfect image reproduction irrespective of their position in the room.
Universal display capability: makes them include and play a wide video formats. Most of the plasma HDTV ware compatible with composite video (NTSC, PAL SECAM) (standard RCA jacks), S-video and component video inputs, plus one or more RGB inputs to accept the video output from a computer.
Resistance to magnetic fields: as they do not use the electron beams like the conventional TV sets, they are unfazed by the effects of magnetic fields. That is why it can be placed in a close proximity to any device that produces magnetic fields, for instance, speakers.
http://www.articleco.com/Article/Plasma-HDTV/50619
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