With practitioners struggling to apply new amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure dealing with electronically stored information, the recent opinion in In Re NTL, Inc., illustrates the dangers of missteps in electronic discovery. Magistrate Judge Andrew J. Peck administered the harsh sanction of an adverse inference instruction for spoliation of electronic evidence.
The problems began in 2002 when Plaintiffs filed a class-action suit against NTL (Old NTL) for securities violations. Attorneys issued “hold memos,” instructing employees not to destroy documents that could be relevant to litigation. NTL went through a bankruptcy, after which it emerged as two distinct organizations: NTL Europe, the successor to Old NTL and a continuing defendant in the litigation, and NTL, Inc. (New NTL). When Plaintiffs requested discovery, NTL Europe responded by denying it had any responsive documents because they were all in the hands of New NTL. Therefore, Plaintiffs went through the process of obtaining, at their own expense, non-party discovery from New NTL. Even so, a large percentage of emails and electronic documents from key officers were missing.
A series of discovery missteps was revealed by depositions. First, there was an access agreement, established as part of the bankruptcy demerger, that allowed NTL Europe to freely obtain documents from New NTL for use in complying with its legal obligations. In addition to being angry that counsel did not reveal the agreement at an earlier stage, Magistrate Judge Peck held that the access agreement gave NTL Europe control over the documents, regardless of the physical dislocation. NTL Europe therefore had a responsibility to turn them over in discovery, rather than force Plaintiffs to go through the expensive process of obtaining informal, non-party discovery.
The second misstep was NTL’s failure to preserve electronically-stored information. As soon as NTL reasonably anticipated litigation, it had a duty to preserve relevant documents by suspending its normal document destruction policies and implementing a litigation hold. The two hold memos issued were insufficient. Many employees did not receive them, and others ignored them. Neither NTL company reminded its employees to preserve relevant documents and electronically-stored information. New NTL outsourced its IT systems to IBM without communicating any litigation-hold instructions. Moreover, New NTL replaced its computers, donating the old ones to charity, without any regard for saving the emails on the computers. As a result of all this, responsive e-mails and documents from key players involved in the litigation were lost. Magistrate Judge Peck held that the conduct constituted gross negligence, a culpable state of mind. Because NTL had control over relevant documents, and with a culpable state of mind failed in its duty to preserve those documents, a negative inference instruction was warranted.
There are several lessons to be learned from the case. In the global, electronic business environment, control is an expansive concept unlimited by physical geography. It is essential for counsel to get a handle on the client’s information system and know exactly what information the client actually controls. It is not sufficient to passively issue litigation hold memos. Counsel must take active steps to ensure compliance with the litigation hold and to prevent destruction of electronically stored information. This requires a working familiarity with client’s technology, and technological policies. As illustrated in the case, allowing business to proceed as usual can be extremely costly.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Recent-Case-Shows-Dangers-of-Electronic-Discovery-Mishaps/242053
Friday, August 24, 2007
Electronics Directory: Your Source For "magical" Solutions
An electronics directory is an invaluable tool for the following categories of users:
Then there is the consumer looking for the best source of some electronic product she or he wants.
A look at electronics, and the contents of a typical electronics directory, would provide a better perspective to understand the value of an electronics directory.
What Is Electronics?
Electronic devices like semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and the historic vacuum tubes have transformed the way we do many things. Some of these ways would have been considered magic in an earlier age.
Electronics theory is a branch of physics that studies the flow of charges through different materials, and devices like the semiconductors mentioned above.
Electronic applications involve design and construction of electronic circuits to achieve different results. The computers you use produce useful results by using an electronic circuit, for example.
In addition to processing data, as the electronic circuit of a computer does, another main function of circuits involves conversion and distribution of electric power.
What Could You Expect to See in an Electronics Directory?
The following illustrative list shows the kinds of products and services you could locate through an electronics directory.
Access Control and Tracking
Automated Equipment & Solutions
Cables & Accessories
Coding, Marking & Tracking
Connectors and Terminals
Consulting / Design Engineers
Conveyor Systems & Accessories
Electronic Cleaners & Lubricants
Enclosures & Accessories
Intrinsically Safe Equipment for hazardous areas, ...
Printed Circuits Boards design, manufacture, ...
Publications & Engineering Related Software
Research, New Product Developments, ...
RF and Wireless Components
Semiconductors
Semiconductors - Amplifiers
Semiconductors - Computational
Semiconductors - Discretes
Semiconductors - Signal Conversion
Semiconductors - Signal Routing and Conditioning
Semiconductors - Sockets, Heat Sinks & Accessories
Semiconductors - Timing Functions
Test & Measurement - Oscilloscopes, analyzers, loggers, calibration
Training & Education
(Source: engnetglobal.com/ )
Even a layperson would be able to get some idea of what many of the different electronic components do, from lists like the above. The electronic directory also lists services like design consultancy and information sources like relevant publications.
Regional Directories
A regional electronics directory lists only suppliers located in a specific region. Such regional directories do two main things.
Firstly, they help users located in that region to find suppliers near them. Secondly, these directories seek to promote the region's businesses by helping users in other regions know about the products and capabilities available in a particular region.
Conclusion
Electronics underlies many products and services that would have seemed magical even two generations ago. Electronics involves the study of the flow of charges through different materials and devices. The know-how gained thus is utilized in designing electronic circuits that perform useful things like data processing and power conversion. An electronics directory would be an invaluable source of products and services needed by an electronics designer and by businesspersons looking for electronic components and products.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Electronics-Directory--Your-Source-for--Magical--Solutions/277569
- An electronics engineer seeking to develop innovative products and solutions,
- Businessperson seeking electronic components needed for making their products, and
- Businessperson seeking saleable products to start a business.
Then there is the consumer looking for the best source of some electronic product she or he wants.
A look at electronics, and the contents of a typical electronics directory, would provide a better perspective to understand the value of an electronics directory.
What Is Electronics?
Electronic devices like semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and the historic vacuum tubes have transformed the way we do many things. Some of these ways would have been considered magic in an earlier age.
Electronics theory is a branch of physics that studies the flow of charges through different materials, and devices like the semiconductors mentioned above.
Electronic applications involve design and construction of electronic circuits to achieve different results. The computers you use produce useful results by using an electronic circuit, for example.
In addition to processing data, as the electronic circuit of a computer does, another main function of circuits involves conversion and distribution of electric power.
What Could You Expect to See in an Electronics Directory?
The following illustrative list shows the kinds of products and services you could locate through an electronics directory.
Access Control and Tracking
Automated Equipment & Solutions
Cables & Accessories
Coding, Marking & Tracking
Connectors and Terminals
Consulting / Design Engineers
Conveyor Systems & Accessories
Electronic Cleaners & Lubricants
Enclosures & Accessories
Intrinsically Safe Equipment for hazardous areas, ...
Printed Circuits Boards design, manufacture, ...
Publications & Engineering Related Software
Research, New Product Developments, ...
RF and Wireless Components
Semiconductors
Semiconductors - Amplifiers
Semiconductors - Computational
Semiconductors - Discretes
Semiconductors - Signal Conversion
Semiconductors - Signal Routing and Conditioning
Semiconductors - Sockets, Heat Sinks & Accessories
Semiconductors - Timing Functions
Test & Measurement - Oscilloscopes, analyzers, loggers, calibration
Training & Education
(Source: engnetglobal.com/ )
Even a layperson would be able to get some idea of what many of the different electronic components do, from lists like the above. The electronic directory also lists services like design consultancy and information sources like relevant publications.
Regional Directories
A regional electronics directory lists only suppliers located in a specific region. Such regional directories do two main things.
Firstly, they help users located in that region to find suppliers near them. Secondly, these directories seek to promote the region's businesses by helping users in other regions know about the products and capabilities available in a particular region.
Conclusion
Electronics underlies many products and services that would have seemed magical even two generations ago. Electronics involves the study of the flow of charges through different materials and devices. The know-how gained thus is utilized in designing electronic circuits that perform useful things like data processing and power conversion. An electronics directory would be an invaluable source of products and services needed by an electronics designer and by businesspersons looking for electronic components and products.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Electronics-Directory--Your-Source-for--Magical--Solutions/277569
Thursday, August 23, 2007
The Nokia N73 Phone
Out of all the phones I have ever owned the Nokia N73 smartphone is most definitely my favourite, it looks really good and has a ton of useful features it also fits nicely in my pocket, that’s because the phone is actually one of the smallest phones of its type available on the market today. The N73 is part of nokia’s “N” series which was first introduced in 2005, phones in the Nseries are always jam packed with high quality features and the N73 is no exception, it is described by nokia as a mini multimedia computer.
The phones best feature is probably its massive 3.2 mega pixel camera that’s ready to use after you slide the lens protector cover off, the camera comes complete with with a Carl Zeiss optical lens and auto focus feature, this means you always get sharp images for both photos and video, pictures can be taken up to the size of 2048x1536 pixels The camera also comes with a flash and red eye reduction and you just cant forget the huge 20x digital zoom capability, it’s also capable of capturing MPEG-4 video at 15 frames per second.
The phones screen which is capable of displaying 262144 colours is quite large at 2.4 inches and makes full use of its 240x320 pixels. The large screen means you can actually see what you are doing when your playing games or surfing the web. If you have a friend with the same phone you can also use the Video Calling function and see what there doing.
The N73 comes with a load of software applications pre installed including a selection of games, a MP3 music player, video and picture galleries, stereo FM radio, RealPlayer, a WAP browser plus a full KHTML web browser and IM client. You can also view Microsoft office documents and PDA files.
The phones menu system is easy to get used to and you’ll soon find yourself playing some of the free games on it, I know I did when I first got my phone.
I also like this phone for its music capabilities, it has stereo speakers and can play music quite loud, the phone comes with 42mb of built in memory but this is extendable to 2gb with a memory card meaning you can fit a few of your favourite cd’s on there, as well as MP3’s the phone also supports AAC and WMA formats giving you plenty of choice and getting the music on to the phone is easy with Nokia’s PC suite and USB cable, right now the N73 is the best phone I’ve had.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-Nokia-N73-phone/268168
The phones best feature is probably its massive 3.2 mega pixel camera that’s ready to use after you slide the lens protector cover off, the camera comes complete with with a Carl Zeiss optical lens and auto focus feature, this means you always get sharp images for both photos and video, pictures can be taken up to the size of 2048x1536 pixels The camera also comes with a flash and red eye reduction and you just cant forget the huge 20x digital zoom capability, it’s also capable of capturing MPEG-4 video at 15 frames per second.
The phones screen which is capable of displaying 262144 colours is quite large at 2.4 inches and makes full use of its 240x320 pixels. The large screen means you can actually see what you are doing when your playing games or surfing the web. If you have a friend with the same phone you can also use the Video Calling function and see what there doing.
The N73 comes with a load of software applications pre installed including a selection of games, a MP3 music player, video and picture galleries, stereo FM radio, RealPlayer, a WAP browser plus a full KHTML web browser and IM client. You can also view Microsoft office documents and PDA files.
The phones menu system is easy to get used to and you’ll soon find yourself playing some of the free games on it, I know I did when I first got my phone.
I also like this phone for its music capabilities, it has stereo speakers and can play music quite loud, the phone comes with 42mb of built in memory but this is extendable to 2gb with a memory card meaning you can fit a few of your favourite cd’s on there, as well as MP3’s the phone also supports AAC and WMA formats giving you plenty of choice and getting the music on to the phone is easy with Nokia’s PC suite and USB cable, right now the N73 is the best phone I’ve had.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-Nokia-N73-phone/268168
Choosing A Big Screen Entertainment System For Your Home Theater
Home electronics has become a fascinating topic on the lips of consumers and technology fanatics across the globe. It seems that a good combination of equipment has become almost a rite of passage for some homeowners and in many circles of friends. While electronics that deal with such important factors as lighting, heating and communicating are all incredible and somewhat of a necessity, the real eye-poppers have always been part of the home entertainment scene. HD technology has created a huge new surge of components and sound systems are constantly being reworked, reimagined, and reinvented. To complement these technological pieces, a good home entertainment system needs to have a clear and functioning video display unit. But with so many available technologies out there to choose from, what is the best of the lot?
The "best" is really in the eye of the beholder, and also in the desired needs of the consumer. Everything from big screen entertainment systems to projector screens can be purchased to enhance a home entertainment system. However, preferences are given to certain devices for various reasons. Some may give sharper pictures, others may be easier to work, and yet others may simply be easier to keep maintained. Choosing the proper mix of all these qualities will help you find the perfect type of video display to make part of your system.
Let’s start by discussing big screen technology. Home theaters are often judged not only by the quality of the equipment that makes them up, but on the size of the screen that is the focal point of the whole home theater. Televisions come in all shapes and sizes these days, but the widescreen television sets are by far the kings of the set. The only problem that big screen televisions have faced is in picture quality. Sometimes the picture would not be as sharp as if it were viewed on a smaller screen, especially from certain angles. With HD technology leading the way now, that problem has been solved. Big screen televisions now almost always give crisp, clear images, but the differences lie in the types of screens.
Plasma television sets are definitely the playboys of the big screen televisions. With their sleek designs and sexy appeal, any home theatre will be looking its best with one of these. However, while style and picture quality are top-notch, there are some technical problems that tend to come up with plasmas. Mainly, these include connectivity, of which there are often limited choices or amounts. So for those who plan to have numerous output cables attached to a television, it may be better to stay away from plasmas, unless an outside electronic box is purchased to wire multiple connections as an intermediary. The other problem with plasma televisions are the price. While a big screen television of the same size, although boxy in appearance, may cost a pretty penny, buying the same size plasma will apply a noticeable increase in the price tag.
Increasingly popular video display equipment is projector screen technology. This brings a real cinema appeal to your home theatre. These can often give the clearest image possible with current technology, but you need to know exactly what will work best with the conditions of your home theater. There are various color screens that could be purchased, white and grey being the primary. White is perfect for a theatre in a windowless room, while grey should be used if there is ambient lighting or sunlight that could affect the image quality on a white screen. Some downsides to the projector screen technology is that many models run loud and hot, which could be distracting and lead towards poor maintenance quality.
Besides the types of video display equipment available, the technology employed by each is also important to look at. Many people like LCD screens, while many more prefer CRM technology. Perhaps the best resolution you can get is 1080 p, which is rare among plasma screens, but readily available in other forms of video display equipment. You simply need to find the conditions that meet you theater best, ask the right questions when you’re about to purchase the product, and of course have in your mind the picture of your ideal home theatre system.
Let’s start by discussing big screen technology. Home theaters are often judged not only by the quality of the equipment that makes them up, but on the size of the screen that is the focal point of the whole home theater. Televisions come in all shapes and sizes these days, but the widescreen television sets are by far the kings of the set. The only problem that big screen televisions have faced is in picture quality. Sometimes the picture would not be as sharp as if it were viewed on a smaller screen, especially from certain angles. With HD technology leading the way now, that problem has been solved. Big screen televisions now almost always give crisp, clear images, but the differences lie in the types of screens.
Plasma television sets are definitely the playboys of the big screen televisions. With their sleek designs and sexy appeal, any home theatre will be looking its best with one of these. However, while style and picture quality are top-notch, there are some technical problems that tend to come up with plasmas. Mainly, these include connectivity, of which there are often limited choices or amounts. So for those who plan to have numerous output cables attached to a television, it may be better to stay away from plasmas, unless an outside electronic box is purchased to wire multiple connections as an intermediary. The other problem with plasma televisions are the price. While a big screen television of the same size, although boxy in appearance, may cost a pretty penny, buying the same size plasma will apply a noticeable increase in the price tag.
Increasingly popular video display equipment is projector screen technology. This brings a real cinema appeal to your home theatre. These can often give the clearest image possible with current technology, but you need to know exactly what will work best with the conditions of your home theater. There are various color screens that could be purchased, white and grey being the primary. White is perfect for a theatre in a windowless room, while grey should be used if there is ambient lighting or sunlight that could affect the image quality on a white screen. Some downsides to the projector screen technology is that many models run loud and hot, which could be distracting and lead towards poor maintenance quality.
Besides the types of video display equipment available, the technology employed by each is also important to look at. Many people like LCD screens, while many more prefer CRM technology. Perhaps the best resolution you can get is 1080 p, which is rare among plasma screens, but readily available in other forms of video display equipment. You simply need to find the conditions that meet you theater best, ask the right questions when you’re about to purchase the product, and of course have in your mind the picture of your ideal home theatre system.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Choosing-a-Big-Screen-Entertainment-System-for-your-Home-Theater/268008
The "best" is really in the eye of the beholder, and also in the desired needs of the consumer. Everything from big screen entertainment systems to projector screens can be purchased to enhance a home entertainment system. However, preferences are given to certain devices for various reasons. Some may give sharper pictures, others may be easier to work, and yet others may simply be easier to keep maintained. Choosing the proper mix of all these qualities will help you find the perfect type of video display to make part of your system.
Let’s start by discussing big screen technology. Home theaters are often judged not only by the quality of the equipment that makes them up, but on the size of the screen that is the focal point of the whole home theater. Televisions come in all shapes and sizes these days, but the widescreen television sets are by far the kings of the set. The only problem that big screen televisions have faced is in picture quality. Sometimes the picture would not be as sharp as if it were viewed on a smaller screen, especially from certain angles. With HD technology leading the way now, that problem has been solved. Big screen televisions now almost always give crisp, clear images, but the differences lie in the types of screens.
Plasma television sets are definitely the playboys of the big screen televisions. With their sleek designs and sexy appeal, any home theatre will be looking its best with one of these. However, while style and picture quality are top-notch, there are some technical problems that tend to come up with plasmas. Mainly, these include connectivity, of which there are often limited choices or amounts. So for those who plan to have numerous output cables attached to a television, it may be better to stay away from plasmas, unless an outside electronic box is purchased to wire multiple connections as an intermediary. The other problem with plasma televisions are the price. While a big screen television of the same size, although boxy in appearance, may cost a pretty penny, buying the same size plasma will apply a noticeable increase in the price tag.
Increasingly popular video display equipment is projector screen technology. This brings a real cinema appeal to your home theatre. These can often give the clearest image possible with current technology, but you need to know exactly what will work best with the conditions of your home theater. There are various color screens that could be purchased, white and grey being the primary. White is perfect for a theatre in a windowless room, while grey should be used if there is ambient lighting or sunlight that could affect the image quality on a white screen. Some downsides to the projector screen technology is that many models run loud and hot, which could be distracting and lead towards poor maintenance quality.
Besides the types of video display equipment available, the technology employed by each is also important to look at. Many people like LCD screens, while many more prefer CRM technology. Perhaps the best resolution you can get is 1080 p, which is rare among plasma screens, but readily available in other forms of video display equipment. You simply need to find the conditions that meet you theater best, ask the right questions when you’re about to purchase the product, and of course have in your mind the picture of your ideal home theatre system.
Let’s start by discussing big screen technology. Home theaters are often judged not only by the quality of the equipment that makes them up, but on the size of the screen that is the focal point of the whole home theater. Televisions come in all shapes and sizes these days, but the widescreen television sets are by far the kings of the set. The only problem that big screen televisions have faced is in picture quality. Sometimes the picture would not be as sharp as if it were viewed on a smaller screen, especially from certain angles. With HD technology leading the way now, that problem has been solved. Big screen televisions now almost always give crisp, clear images, but the differences lie in the types of screens.
Plasma television sets are definitely the playboys of the big screen televisions. With their sleek designs and sexy appeal, any home theatre will be looking its best with one of these. However, while style and picture quality are top-notch, there are some technical problems that tend to come up with plasmas. Mainly, these include connectivity, of which there are often limited choices or amounts. So for those who plan to have numerous output cables attached to a television, it may be better to stay away from plasmas, unless an outside electronic box is purchased to wire multiple connections as an intermediary. The other problem with plasma televisions are the price. While a big screen television of the same size, although boxy in appearance, may cost a pretty penny, buying the same size plasma will apply a noticeable increase in the price tag.
Increasingly popular video display equipment is projector screen technology. This brings a real cinema appeal to your home theatre. These can often give the clearest image possible with current technology, but you need to know exactly what will work best with the conditions of your home theater. There are various color screens that could be purchased, white and grey being the primary. White is perfect for a theatre in a windowless room, while grey should be used if there is ambient lighting or sunlight that could affect the image quality on a white screen. Some downsides to the projector screen technology is that many models run loud and hot, which could be distracting and lead towards poor maintenance quality.
Besides the types of video display equipment available, the technology employed by each is also important to look at. Many people like LCD screens, while many more prefer CRM technology. Perhaps the best resolution you can get is 1080 p, which is rare among plasma screens, but readily available in other forms of video display equipment. You simply need to find the conditions that meet you theater best, ask the right questions when you’re about to purchase the product, and of course have in your mind the picture of your ideal home theatre system.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Choosing-a-Big-Screen-Entertainment-System-for-your-Home-Theater/268008
Download Free Video Zune - The Easy Way
If you have the new device Zune by Microsoft, you already know what a great piece of electronic equipment you have on your hands. Availability for free Zune video download is becoming easier to find and easier to get your hands on. Before you know it, the internet will be bombarded with offers of a free Zune video download.
You can still get plenty of free video Zune download right now. All you have to do is search online and you will be provided with a vast array of choices for your Zune. You have the ability to share with other users in the Zune community all around the world.
You can discover a whole new world of music with free Zune video download. You can discover artists like Brooklyn Vegan, Petticoat, Petticoat and Funeral. When you are part of the world of Zune, you not only can download free Zune video, you can share opinions and thoughts about new artists you think others should hear for themselves.
You will find many sites that are dedicated to bringing you the best and the latest media releases for you to download free Zune video. You can find where the best shareware can be found as well as the hottest sites for the most up to the minute reviews on all your favorites from the past as well as the present.
With all the new gadgets that are available, you dont want to lose Zune in the crowd. This is going to be the new must-own electronic device since the iPod, and you will want to be one of the first to enjoy all the benefits that owning a Zune can bring.
You can easily find the best deals for the things you want and many of them can be found as a free download Zune video. You need to be careful that you are dealing with legitimate companies, because there are many imposters out there who are out to take advantage of a new product and its users.
You will love discovering the world of free download Zune video, music and more. Get on the internet and get started downloading today!
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Download-Free-Video-Zune---The-Easy-Way/267838
You can still get plenty of free video Zune download right now. All you have to do is search online and you will be provided with a vast array of choices for your Zune. You have the ability to share with other users in the Zune community all around the world.
You can discover a whole new world of music with free Zune video download. You can discover artists like Brooklyn Vegan, Petticoat, Petticoat and Funeral. When you are part of the world of Zune, you not only can download free Zune video, you can share opinions and thoughts about new artists you think others should hear for themselves.
You will find many sites that are dedicated to bringing you the best and the latest media releases for you to download free Zune video. You can find where the best shareware can be found as well as the hottest sites for the most up to the minute reviews on all your favorites from the past as well as the present.
With all the new gadgets that are available, you dont want to lose Zune in the crowd. This is going to be the new must-own electronic device since the iPod, and you will want to be one of the first to enjoy all the benefits that owning a Zune can bring.
You can easily find the best deals for the things you want and many of them can be found as a free download Zune video. You need to be careful that you are dealing with legitimate companies, because there are many imposters out there who are out to take advantage of a new product and its users.
You will love discovering the world of free download Zune video, music and more. Get on the internet and get started downloading today!
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Download-Free-Video-Zune---The-Easy-Way/267838
Car Audio Systems - A 2007 Buyers Guide
Car audio has moved a long way from the old standard AM/FM Radio/Tape Deck combo. Today, in-vehicle multimedia systems include DVD video, television and navigation systems with local hotspot news. Common to all systems is the sound quality.
The quality of sound in a car audio system depends upon a number of factors; the type and quality of the media player system, the type of speakers used, the acoustics of the vehicle and interference from other devices.
Type and Quality of Media Player System
Before we look at the different types of in-vehicle media players it pays to have a basic understanding of audio quality. When deciding what type of audio system to install, and also when comparing one make and model to another, there are two key specifications to consider:
* Signal-to-noise ratio [SNR] - a measure of signal strength compared to background noise in the signal or equipment. Measured in decibels. The higher the dB, the better. A car CD player has an SNR of 90 or 100 dB.
*Frequency response [FR] - a measure of how much of the audio spectrum, from bass to treble, gets reproduced. It's measured as a range in Hertz, and the wider the range, the better. Look for a CD player with a range of at least 10-20k Hz.
An FM radio, cassette player, and CD player all have different measurements for these specs. To help understand these two specifications, let’s compare a car tape cassette player and a car CD player.
A Cassette Player has an SNR of 50-70 dB. This is much lower than a CD player, so the sound quality degrades at each end of the spectrum. The FR is around 30-18k Hz for a cassette player, so does not contribute as much to sound quality as the SNR. That's why overall, a car CD player gives a much better sound than a cassette tape player.
Media players in vehicles today are either radio tuner, CD player/changer, or Digital Audio player.
CD Players & Changers
There are a number of options when it comes to playing CD's in a vehicle:
1. An in-dash CD Player - often combined with radio tuner, WMA/MP3 player
2. An in-dash CD Receiver - with a multiple CD cassette / changer located elsewhere in the vehicle
3. Connect a portable CD player to an existing in-dash audio unit using either a cable and adapter or a bluetooth wireless connection.
When choosing a car CD player the first two things to consider are:
1. Will it physically fit into the vehicle?
2. Will it integrate cosmetically with the dash and other electronics?
Most decks have standardized form factors; so fit most cars, but there are exceptions, so make sure that the deck is suited for your car. You are usually pretty safe is the car stereo is made for the same market as the source of your car.
Cosmetic integration is a little more complex, but in many cases easily resolved through customisation features. For instance, many decks allow you to change the faceplates and color of the display.
Digital Audio Car Systems
With most home audio systems and portable players giving crisp quality sound using digital audio, we are no longer satisfied with the flat, bland analog sound from older car audio systems.
If you normally store your digital music files on CD, a compatible stereo or changer is a good option. Up to 10 hours of music [250 songs] can be stored on a single disc and allows use of random shuffling and repeat options. This disadvantage is ease of use, having to load and unload from cassettes located in the boot or under seats, and the limited file formats that your stereo can play back.
So now you have the media player selected, what about the speaker system.
Car Speaker System
The speaker system can be thought of in two parts: the channel amplifier and the physical speaker units.
Car amplifiers power the speakers in your car stereo system to provide crisp sound quality at high volumes. Each speaker requires one channel of amplification. This means a 4-channel amplifier, will support four speakers.
And choice of speakers is not limited either. With a range of options for your basic stereo speakers [2-channel], you can supplement the high note quality using a tweeter and the low bass notes with a sub-woofer. This gives you a standard 4-channel sound system that will rival your home audio system.
Adding to a basic car stereo option typically involves adding subwoofers, amplifiers and crossovers to tailor the output sound to personal tastes. This does not mean the result is the boorish, obnoxious bass boom boxing that invades the entire neighbourhood. A subwoofer adds quality and purity to music.
For details of specifications on each part of your system, see Go-Reviews.com - Car Electronics Section
The main factors in selecting car speakers are:
- Design or Speaker Type
- Technical Specifications
- Fitting & Mounting
Speaker design is about the combination of sound drivers for midrange, subwoofer and tweeter. Depending upon the combination, the set is known as a two-way, three-way or four-way speaker system.
Car speaker specifications are similar to home audio speakers; the main difference in technical specification to compensate for the lower power outputs of car stereo receivers. Speaker technical specifications include: sensitivity, frequency response, signal to noise ratio, power handling and impedance. We will look at these specification in more detail in subsequent articles.
The fittings and mountings are selected depending upon where you choose to position the speakers. Car audio speakers are either: top mounted or bottom mounted. Clearance depth is most important when installing new speakers in a non-factory speaker location. So check all of your components carefully before purchase.
With such a range of combinations available the Internet provides a valuable resource in car electronics reviews. Sites like Go-Reviews.com seek out reviews and consolidate the recommendations to give you a quick reference buying guide.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Car-Audio-Systems---A-2007-Buyers-Guide/267359
The quality of sound in a car audio system depends upon a number of factors; the type and quality of the media player system, the type of speakers used, the acoustics of the vehicle and interference from other devices.
Type and Quality of Media Player System
Before we look at the different types of in-vehicle media players it pays to have a basic understanding of audio quality. When deciding what type of audio system to install, and also when comparing one make and model to another, there are two key specifications to consider:
* Signal-to-noise ratio [SNR] - a measure of signal strength compared to background noise in the signal or equipment. Measured in decibels. The higher the dB, the better. A car CD player has an SNR of 90 or 100 dB.
*Frequency response [FR] - a measure of how much of the audio spectrum, from bass to treble, gets reproduced. It's measured as a range in Hertz, and the wider the range, the better. Look for a CD player with a range of at least 10-20k Hz.
An FM radio, cassette player, and CD player all have different measurements for these specs. To help understand these two specifications, let’s compare a car tape cassette player and a car CD player.
A Cassette Player has an SNR of 50-70 dB. This is much lower than a CD player, so the sound quality degrades at each end of the spectrum. The FR is around 30-18k Hz for a cassette player, so does not contribute as much to sound quality as the SNR. That's why overall, a car CD player gives a much better sound than a cassette tape player.
Media players in vehicles today are either radio tuner, CD player/changer, or Digital Audio player.
CD Players & Changers
There are a number of options when it comes to playing CD's in a vehicle:
1. An in-dash CD Player - often combined with radio tuner, WMA/MP3 player
2. An in-dash CD Receiver - with a multiple CD cassette / changer located elsewhere in the vehicle
3. Connect a portable CD player to an existing in-dash audio unit using either a cable and adapter or a bluetooth wireless connection.
When choosing a car CD player the first two things to consider are:
1. Will it physically fit into the vehicle?
2. Will it integrate cosmetically with the dash and other electronics?
Most decks have standardized form factors; so fit most cars, but there are exceptions, so make sure that the deck is suited for your car. You are usually pretty safe is the car stereo is made for the same market as the source of your car.
Cosmetic integration is a little more complex, but in many cases easily resolved through customisation features. For instance, many decks allow you to change the faceplates and color of the display.
Digital Audio Car Systems
With most home audio systems and portable players giving crisp quality sound using digital audio, we are no longer satisfied with the flat, bland analog sound from older car audio systems.
If you normally store your digital music files on CD, a compatible stereo or changer is a good option. Up to 10 hours of music [250 songs] can be stored on a single disc and allows use of random shuffling and repeat options. This disadvantage is ease of use, having to load and unload from cassettes located in the boot or under seats, and the limited file formats that your stereo can play back.
So now you have the media player selected, what about the speaker system.
Car Speaker System
The speaker system can be thought of in two parts: the channel amplifier and the physical speaker units.
Car amplifiers power the speakers in your car stereo system to provide crisp sound quality at high volumes. Each speaker requires one channel of amplification. This means a 4-channel amplifier, will support four speakers.
And choice of speakers is not limited either. With a range of options for your basic stereo speakers [2-channel], you can supplement the high note quality using a tweeter and the low bass notes with a sub-woofer. This gives you a standard 4-channel sound system that will rival your home audio system.
Adding to a basic car stereo option typically involves adding subwoofers, amplifiers and crossovers to tailor the output sound to personal tastes. This does not mean the result is the boorish, obnoxious bass boom boxing that invades the entire neighbourhood. A subwoofer adds quality and purity to music.
For details of specifications on each part of your system, see Go-Reviews.com - Car Electronics Section
The main factors in selecting car speakers are:
- Design or Speaker Type
- Technical Specifications
- Fitting & Mounting
Speaker design is about the combination of sound drivers for midrange, subwoofer and tweeter. Depending upon the combination, the set is known as a two-way, three-way or four-way speaker system.
Car speaker specifications are similar to home audio speakers; the main difference in technical specification to compensate for the lower power outputs of car stereo receivers. Speaker technical specifications include: sensitivity, frequency response, signal to noise ratio, power handling and impedance. We will look at these specification in more detail in subsequent articles.
The fittings and mountings are selected depending upon where you choose to position the speakers. Car audio speakers are either: top mounted or bottom mounted. Clearance depth is most important when installing new speakers in a non-factory speaker location. So check all of your components carefully before purchase.
With such a range of combinations available the Internet provides a valuable resource in car electronics reviews. Sites like Go-Reviews.com seek out reviews and consolidate the recommendations to give you a quick reference buying guide.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/Car-Audio-Systems---A-2007-Buyers-Guide/267359
The Benefits Of Portable Air Conditioning Units
Can you imagine not having an air conditioner in your home or office? Many people fail to realize the benefits of having a portable air conditioning system in place. Most of us cannot imagine having to work or live in an environment completely at the mercy of the weather outside.
When we think of portable air conditioning units, we think of that huge box taking up an entire window in a ground floor room and sending blasting cold air into a single area of the house. Usually weighing as much as one hundred pounds or more, these old appliances are quickly vanishing from the home appliance market due to their size and overall inefficiency. Many more options available can take care of your home portable air conditioning needs.
Portable air conditioning systems offer the cooling ability of larger air conditioning units with the added ability to be easily moved to other areas that need to be cooled. Whether you want to take the unit to another room or area of the home or even to take it to another house or to the cottage, the choice is there.
Portable air conditioning systems have fewer large internal parts so they require fewer maintenance checks and repairs than larger units do. This alone will save you a lot of costly service calls from air conditioning specialists. You can generally do any of the smaller repairs or service jobs yourself with these units. This aspect of portable air conditioning units alone is very attractive for homeowners.
Owning Your Own Portable Air Conditioning System
Most hardware and home supply stores have several types and models of portable air conditioning units in stock for you to choose. They all feature a variety of options that you can choose from as well. With the smaller unit comes the smaller price, which is yet another benefit to having a portable air conditioning system in your home. Some units have special ducting that allows warmer air to be properly vented to the outdoors, which saves on cooling costs. Remember that there are several variations of models to choose from depending on the needs of your home and family.
It is important that you take the time to do research on the various types and models of portable air conditioning systems in order to make the correct choice for you and your family’s comfort.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-Benefits-Of-Portable-Air-Conditioning-Units/265923
When we think of portable air conditioning units, we think of that huge box taking up an entire window in a ground floor room and sending blasting cold air into a single area of the house. Usually weighing as much as one hundred pounds or more, these old appliances are quickly vanishing from the home appliance market due to their size and overall inefficiency. Many more options available can take care of your home portable air conditioning needs.
Portable air conditioning systems offer the cooling ability of larger air conditioning units with the added ability to be easily moved to other areas that need to be cooled. Whether you want to take the unit to another room or area of the home or even to take it to another house or to the cottage, the choice is there.
Portable air conditioning systems have fewer large internal parts so they require fewer maintenance checks and repairs than larger units do. This alone will save you a lot of costly service calls from air conditioning specialists. You can generally do any of the smaller repairs or service jobs yourself with these units. This aspect of portable air conditioning units alone is very attractive for homeowners.
Owning Your Own Portable Air Conditioning System
Most hardware and home supply stores have several types and models of portable air conditioning units in stock for you to choose. They all feature a variety of options that you can choose from as well. With the smaller unit comes the smaller price, which is yet another benefit to having a portable air conditioning system in your home. Some units have special ducting that allows warmer air to be properly vented to the outdoors, which saves on cooling costs. Remember that there are several variations of models to choose from depending on the needs of your home and family.
It is important that you take the time to do research on the various types and models of portable air conditioning systems in order to make the correct choice for you and your family’s comfort.
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-Benefits-Of-Portable-Air-Conditioning-Units/265923
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